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Radiation failureView Articles
Radiation therapyView Articles

Volume 23, Number 4Case Review

Exceptional Response to Radiation Therapy to the Primary Tumor in a Patient With de Novo Metastatic Prostate Cancer With High Tumor Mutation Burden

Benjamin MercierAndrew TamDaniela V. CastroSalvador Jaime-CasasAbhishek TripathiYun Rose LiRegina Barragan-Carrillo

We present the case of a patient diagnosed with de novo, low-volume metastatic prostate cancer who received first-line treatment with androgen-deprivation therapy in combination with darolutamide. The patient presented with symptoms derived from local growth from the primary tumor and received pelvic radiation therapy to the primary tumor and pelvic nodes. He experienced complete tumor regression, with high serum prostate-specific antigen declining to nondetectable levels. Next-generation genomic analysis indicated high tumor mutation burden and high microsatellite status instability. Here, we contextualize this patient’s case regarding the importance of precision genomics in radiation oncology and its potential importance for optimizing treatment.

Prostatic neoplasmsRadiation therapyNeoplasm metastasisAndrogen antagonistsprostate neoplasmcastration resistant

Radiation-induced cystitisView Articles

Volume 18, Number 2Review Articles

Challenges and Opportunities in Radiation-induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis

Therapeutic Strategy Update

Michael B ChancellorBernadette MM ZwaansHeinz G NicolaiLaura E Lamb

As diagnosis and treatment of cancer is improving, medical and social issues related to cancer survivorship are becoming more prevalent. Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), a rare but serious disease that may affect patients after pelvic radiation or systemic chemotherapy, has significant unmet medical needs. Although no definitive treatment is currently available, various interventions are employed for HC. Effects of nonsurgical treatments for HC are of modest success and studies aiming to control radiation-induced bladder symptoms are lacking. In this review, we present current and advanced therapeutic strategies for HC to help cancer survivors deal with long-term urologic health issues. [Rev Urol. 2016;18(2):57-65 doi: 10.3909/riu0700] © 2016 MedReviews®, LLC

Hemorrhagic cystitisRadiation-induced cystitisHematuriaCancer survivorship

RadicalView Articles
Radical cystectomyView Articles
Radical nephrectomyView Articles

Volume 5, Number 2Meeting Reviews

Advances in the Medical Treatment of Prostate Cancer, Bladder Cancer, Renal Cell Cancer, and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Highlights from the XVIIth Congress of the European Association of Urology, Birmingham, UK

Claus G RoehrbornBob DjavanMesut RemziChristian Seitz

Prostate cancerBenign prostatic hyperplasiaBladder cancerLower urinary tract symptomsProstate-specific antigenRadical prostatectomyRadical nephrectomyNomogramsTamsulosinAlfuzosinFinasterideDutasterideBicalutamideBacille Calmette-GuerinPermixonRenal cell cancerTransrectal ultrasound-guided biopsyVirtual cystoscopy

Radical nephroureterectomyView Articles

Volume 22, Number 1Review Articles

Management of Low-grade Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: An Unmet Need

Management Review

Neal D ShoreJay Raman

Upper tract urothelial cancers (UTUC) are frequently managed by radical nephroureterectomy (RNU), a major operative procedure that may entail short-term morbidity and long-term decline in renal function. Kidney-sparing procedures offer a less invasive alternative to RNU for low-risk, low-grade UTUC (LG-UTUC). They are associated with similar disease-specific survival rates and better long-term renal function, albeit with a potentially increased risk of recurrence. Strategies to decrease LG-UTUC recurrence include improved risk stratification and enhanced endoscopic instrumentation. Chemoablation may represent an alternative, innovative kidney-sparing approach for LG-UTUC. [Rev Urol. 2020;22(1):1–8] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC

Risk stratificationUpper tract urothelial cancerRadical nephroureterectomyNephron-sparing procedureLow-grade tumors

Radical perineal prostatectomyView Articles
Radical prostatectomyView Articles
Radical retropubic prostatectomyView Articles
RadicalprostatectomyView Articles
Radiofrequency ablationView Articles
RadioimmunoscintigraphyView Articles
Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodyView Articles
Radiolabeled nucleotidesView Articles
RadionuclidesView Articles
Radiorecurrent prostate cancerView Articles
RadiosensitizationView Articles
RadiotherapyView Articles

Volume 23, Number 4Prostate Cancer

Deep Learning for Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Based Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: Current Status

Jessica E. ScholeyAbhejit RajagopalJulian HongPeder LarsonKe Sheng

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly being used for external beam radiation therapy in the treatment of prostate cancer because of its excellent soft tissue contrast and ability to provide functional and physiologic information about tumor behavior. At the same time, deep learning has seen widespread applications in medical imaging, including for MRI-based classification and synthesis. Deep learning–based approaches are being incorporated into the MRI-guided clinical external beam radiation therapy workflow for patient simulation, contouring of targets and critical structures, treatment planning, and treatment delivery. In this review, we examine the current status of deep learning for MRI-guided prostate external beam radiation therapy.

Artificial intelligenceProstatic neoplasmsRadiotherapyMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI)Deep Learning

Radium Ra 223 dichlorideView Articles

Volume 16, Number 1Review Articles

Emerging Therapeutic for the Treatment of Skeletal-related Events Associated With Metastatic Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer

CME-certified Article

Paul R Sieber

Prostate cancer is the most prevalent cancer in US and European men and the second leading cause of cancer death in those populations. It is somewhat unique in that nearly all patients who succumb to the disease will ultimately develop bone metastasis. Morbidity from bone metastasis—referred to as skeletal-related events, which include fractures, cord compression, radiation to bone, and surgery to bone—leads to significant costs and impaired quality of life. This article reviews three agents and the roles they play in the ever-changing armamentarium of treatments for metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The potential benefits of these agents are discussed, as well as the continuing use of these agents and their earlier introduction in the patient with progressive mCRPC with bone metastasis. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(1):10-20 doi: 10.3909/riu0609] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancerSkeletal-related eventsBone metastasisZoledronic acidDenosumabRadium Ra 223 dichloride

RaloxifeneView Articles
Randomized trialView Articles
Randomized trialsView Articles
ReboxetineView Articles

Volume 13, Number 1Review Articles

Infantile Enuresis: Current State-of-the-Art Therapy and Future Trends

Disease State Review

Franklin E KuehhasNenad DjakovicMarkus Hohenfellner

"Enuresis nocturna is a widespread problem among children, with up to 25% of all children possibly suffering from this condition. Several therapeutic modalities are currently available. This article reviews current state-of-the-art therapies, highlights current literature, and provides an update on recent developments within the field of enuresis nocturna. [Rev Urol. 2011;13(1):1-5 doi: 10.3909/riu0498]"

DesmopressinEnuresis nocturnaAlarm therapyImipramineReboxetineGiggle incontinenceMethylphenidatePelvic floor muscle exercise

Receptor blockadeView Articles
recombinant BCGView Articles

Volume 21, Number 1Review Articles

Immunotherapy in Urological Tumors

Treatment Review

Nikhil VasdevAnand SharmaNarin SuleymanOliver Jones

The past decade has seen significant improvement in our understanding of tumor biological features, which has led to use of anti-programmed-death 1 (PD-1) and anti-PD ligand-1 (PD-L1) agents and cytotoxic T lymphocytes antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors in a multitude of cancers. These immunotherapeutic agents have shown activity in melanoma, lung, head and neck, colorectal, urological, and other cancers. This article details the use of immunotherapy agents in urothelial, renal, prostate, and testicular tumors. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(1):15–20] © 2019 MedReviews®, LLC

ImmunotherapyCytokinesurological tumorsimmune checkpoint inhibitorsrecombinant BCGcell wall-derived therapies

ReconstructionView Articles

Volume 17, Number 2Book Reviews

A Review of Transplantation Practice of the Urologic Organs: Is It Only Achievable for the Kidney?

Treatment Update

Jack Donati-BourneHarry W RobertsYaseen RajjoubRobert A Coleman

Transplantation is a viable treatment option for failure of most major organs. Within urology, transplantation of the kidney and ureter are well documented; however, evidence supporting transplantation of other urologic organs is limited. Failure of these organs carries significant morbidity, and transplantation may have a role in management. This article reviews the knowledge, research, and literature surrounding transplantation of each of the urologic organs. Transplantation of the penis, testicle, urethra, vas deferens, and bladder is discussed. Transplantation attempts have been made individually with each of these organs. Penile transplantation has only been performed once in a human. Testicular transplantation research was intertwined with unethical lucrative pursuits. Interest in urethra, bladder, and vas deferens transplantation has decreased as a result of successful surgical reconstructive techniques. Despite years of effort, transplantations of the penis, testicle, urethra, vas deferens, and bladder are not established in current practice. Recent research has shifted toward techniques of reconstruction, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. [Rev Urol. 2015;17(2):69–77 doi: 10.3909/riu0659] © 2015 MedReviews®, LLC

UrologyTransplantationReconstructionTissue engineering

RecurrenceView Articles
Recurrent urinary tract infectionView Articles

Volume 15, Number 2Review Articles

Management of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Healthy Adult Women

Management Update

Victor W NittiDuane R Hickling

Recurrence after urinary tract infection (rUTI) is common in adult women. The majority of recurrences are believed to be reinfection from extraurinary sources such as the rectum or vagina. However, uropathogenic Escherichia coli are now known to invade urothelial cells and form quiescent intracellular bacterial reservoirs. Management of women with frequent symptomatic rUTI can be particularly vexing for both patients and their treating physicians. This review addresses available and promising management strategies for rUTI in healthy adult women. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(2):41-48 doi: 10.3909/riu0566] © 2013 MedReviews®, LLC

Recurrent urinary tract infectionUropathogenic Escherichia coliProphylaxis

Recurrent urinary tract infectionsView Articles

Volume 22, Number 2Review Articles

Management of Small, Non-obstructing Renal Stones in Adults With Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections

Management Review

Ojas ShahRon GolanKimberly L Cooper

The management of small, non-obstructing renal stones in adults with recurrent lower urinary tract infections remains unclear. Whereas for larger or obstructing stones the decision to intervene becomes clearer, for stones smaller than 5 to 6 mm the decision to intervene requires consideration of multiple factors. This review describes these factors, including history, imaging, laboratory studies, as well as a comprehensive review of the literature. It remains of utmost importance that patients have additional possible etiologies appropriately evaluated and managed prior to intervention for their small renal stones. [Rev Urol. 2020;22(2):52–56] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC

Percutaneous nephrolithotomyUreteroscopyShockwave lithotripsyNon-obstructing renal stonesRecurrent urinary tract infections