Volume 16, Number 3Review ArticlesRole of Chemokines in Renal Cell CarcinomaSystematic ReviewJaspreet S PariharHari Siva Gurunadha Rao TunuguntlaWith new frontiers of pharmaceutical therapies focusing on tumor growth and angiogenesis, understanding the interaction between immune system and tumor microenvironment has become ever more important. Chemokines and chemokine receptors appear to play an integral role in tumor characteristics. Evidence suggests CXCR4, CXCL5, CXCR7, and stromal derived factor-1 appear to be crucial in survival, growth, and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma. As the role of chemokines in renal cancer is becoming more evident, further research will lead to a better understanding of tumor biology and the development of new therapeutic targets to help improve survival. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(3):118-121 doi: 10.3909/riu0608] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLCRenal cell carcinomaCytokinesChemokineOncocytoma
Volume 21, Number 1Review ArticlesImmunotherapy in Urological TumorsTreatment ReviewNikhil VasdevAnand SharmaNarin SuleymanOliver JonesThe past decade has seen significant improvement in our understanding of tumor biological features, which has led to use of anti-programmed-death 1 (PD-1) and anti-PD ligand-1 (PD-L1) agents and cytotoxic T lymphocytes antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors in a multitude of cancers. These immunotherapeutic agents have shown activity in melanoma, lung, head and neck, colorectal, urological, and other cancers. This article details the use of immunotherapy agents in urothelial, renal, prostate, and testicular tumors. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(1):15–20] © 2019 MedReviews®, LLCImmunotherapyCytokinesurological tumorsimmune checkpoint inhibitorsrecombinant BCGcell wall-derived therapies