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InterleukinView Articles
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Volume 9, Number 3Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2007 AUA Annual Meeting

Meeting Review

Dean G AssimosDanil V MakarovEllen ShapiroAlan W PartinMichael B ChancellorJ Curtis NickelJacob RajferClaus G RoehrbornMichael K Brawer

Highlights from the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association May 19-24, 2007 Anaheim, CA [Rev Urol. 2007;9(3):133-154]

Prostate cancerObesityBenign prostatic hyperplasiaAntibiotic prophylaxisNocturiaLower urinary tract symptomsBotulinum toxinProstate-specific antigenBiomarkersPCA3TestosteroneUrinary tract infectionsUrolithiasisLaser ablationEndourologyMale voiding dysfunctionLHRH antagonistsAntimuscarinic agentsCircumcisionRepeat biopsyHuman glandularkallikreinExpectant managementCRISP-3MSPMicrovesseldensityEndoglinSurvivinTelomeresInterleukin-8PDE-5 inhibitorsAcute urinaryretention5Alpha-reductase inhibitorsDoxazosinFinasterideTransurethral microwave thermotherapyTURPPerioperative blood lossMicrobialbiofilmsHIVStem cell injection

Intermittent androgen deprivationView Articles
Intermittent hormonal therapyView Articles
International Prostate Symptom ScoreView Articles

Volume 5, Number 3Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2003 AUA Annual Meeting

Highlights from the 2003 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association, April 26-May 1, 2003

Dean G AssimosEllen ShapiroAlan W PartinMichael B ChancellorJ Curtis NickelJacob RajferClaus G RoehrbornMichael K BrawerRandall B MeachamBob DjavanArie S BelldegrunAllan J PantuckMesut RemziMichael DobrovitsMatthew B GretzerKazumasa Torimoto

Prostate cancerRenal cell carcinomaBenign prostatic hyperplasiaDepressionBladder cancerLower urinary tract symptomsUrinary tract infectionProstate-specific antigenNephrolithiasisOveractive bladderRadical prostatectomyPeyronie’s diseaseGleason scoreTransrectal ultrasoundErectile dysfunctionChronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndromeAcute urinary retentionInternational Prostate Symptom ScoreBacille Calmette-Guérin therapyChronic Prostatitis Symptom IndexMTOPS trialPLESS studyProstate tumor markersSELDI-TOF

InternetView Articles
Interstitial cystitisView Articles
Interstitial cystitis (IC)View Articles
Interstitial Cystitis AssociationView Articles
Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndromeView Articles
Interstitial laser coagulationView Articles
Interstitiallaser coagulationView Articles
Intracavernosal injectionView Articles

Volume 9, Number 3Review Articles

Oral and Non-Oral Combination Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction

Treatment Update

An estimated 30 million men in the United States suffer from varying degrees of erectile dysfunction. Increasing age and comorbidities are likely to increase the number of men who are initially refractory or become refractory to phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibitors, the most popular oral therapy. Combination therapy, a concept well proved in other areas of medicine, is therefore of increasing importance. Combination oral and non-oral (intracavernosal injection and intraurethral application) therapies have been shown to salvage monotherapy. The early introduction of combination therapy has been shown to expedite both the return of natural function and PDE-5 inhibitor responsiveness in post-prostatectomy patients with no reports of serious adverse events. Larger controlled studies are needed to corroborate those encouraging findings. [Rev Urol. 2007;9(3):99-105]

Erectile dysfunctionPhosphodiesterase inhibitorsIntracavernosal injectionIntraurethral applicationAlprostadil

Intracavernosal therapyView Articles

Volume 9, Number 4Review Articles

Extending the Rationale of Combination Therapy to Unresponsive Erectile Dysfunction

Treatment Update

Rajeev KumarAjay NehraDiedre NienowChristopher Reece

Combination therapies aim to overcome the limitations of individual drugs by selecting diverse targets of action to enhance effectiveness synergistically. This article reviews the principles of combination therapy and its applications for benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder. It then examines pathophysiological, pharmacological, and clinical evidence for currently available drug and device combinations for erectile dysfunction that has not responded to first-line, single-agent therapy. [Rev Urol. 2007;9(4):197-206]

Benign prostatic hyperplasiaOveractive bladderErectile dysfunctionCombination therapyIntracavernosal therapyIntraurethral therapy

Intracavernous injectiontherapyView Articles
Intracorporeal injectionView Articles

Volume 8, Number 4Review Articles

Penile Rehabilitation After Radical Prostatectomy: Important Therapy or Wishful Thinking?

Management Update

Jesse N MillsRandall B MeachamJoseph E Dall'EraHari K Koul

On the basis of data accumulated thus far, it is reasonable to discuss the implementation of a “penile rehabilitation” program with patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. Central to discussions of penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy is evidence demonstrating significant fibrotic changes in the corpus cavernosum that occur postoperatively. Several studies have been published evaluating the efficacy of various pro-erectogenic agents. The limited data regarding intracavernous injections and vacuum constriction devices suggest that an increased percentage of treated patients experienced a return of natural erections compared with patients who received no treatment. Longer, prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled studies will be needed to confirm the utility of these treatments. Data from contemporary studies evaluating the chronic use of oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors suggest a beneficial effect on endothelial cell function among men suffering from erectile dysfunction due to a variety of causes. Limited data suggest that this effect might be seen among post-prostatectomy patients, implying a possible role for these agents in enhancing the return of sexual function in such individuals. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(4):209-215]

Radical prostatectomyErectile dysfunctionPenile rehabilitationPDE-5 inhibitorsHypoxiaIntracorporeal injectionVacuum constriction device

Intracorporeal pressureView Articles

Volume 12, Number 1Case Review

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options for the Management of Ischemic and Nonischemic Priapism

Case Review

Jacob RajferJeffrey Bassett

Priapism is defined as persistent penile erection continuing beyond, or unrelated to, sexual stimulation. Proper diagnosis encompasses at least 2 very different pathophysiologic processes. Ischemic priapism (“low flow”) is a disorder of venous outflow and/or stasis. Nonischemic priapism (“high flow”) is a disorder of arterial flow. We present 2 cases that review each condition. The first case highlights a 32-year-old man with a medical history of sickle cell disease who presented to the emergency department complaining of a persistent, painful erection that had continued for 18 hours. The second case describes a 24-year-old man with no significant medical history who sustained trauma to his pelvis while skateboarding. Although the initial evaluation of both types of priapism is similar, pathophysiology and resulting interventions differ for each, underscoring the importance of proper diagnosis.[Rev Urol. 2010;12(1):56-63 doi: 10.3909/riu0457]

Erectile dysfunctionIschemic priapismNonischemic priapismIntracorporeal pressureCavernosal hypoxiaPhosphodiesterase type 5Distal shunts

Intracytoplasmic sperm injectionView Articles

Volume 15, Number 4Review Articles

The Use of In Vitro Fertilization in the Management of Male Infertility: What the Urologist Needs to Know

Management Review

Randall B MeachamSahar M StephensDaniel M Arnett

Infertility affects approximately 10% to 20% of reproductive-age couples, many of whom may present initially to a urologist. Some couples may be treated medically to increase spontaneous conception rates; however, many will require more aggressive management with in vitro fertilization (IVF) and/or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). IVF involves ovarian stimulation, oocyte retrieval, and fertilization outside of the body; ICSI involves injecting one sperm into the oocyte to promote fertilization. Here we provide a brief overview of IVF and ICSI along with a discussion of the risks involved to facilitate the counseling and care of the infertile couple. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(4):154-160 doi: 10.3909/riu0588] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Male infertilityIn vitro fertilizationIntracytoplasmic sperm injection

IntralesionaltherapyView Articles

Volume 13, Number 3Review Articles

Peyronie’s Disease: Nonsurgical Therapy Options

Treatment Update

Franklin E KuehhasNenad DjakovicPeter WeiblTosev GeorgiRalf Herwig

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a fibrous inelastic scar of the tunica albuginea, leading to penile deformity, penile curvature, shortening, narrowing, and painful erections that subsequently lead to painful or unsatisfying sexual intercourse. No consensus exists yet on the ideal management of PD. This fact is a result of our limited knowledge of its etiology and causative factors. The acute presentation of PD is treated conservatively, and surgical approachesare only attempted if severe curvature, narrowing, or indentation persists for more than 1 year; PD stability exists for at least 3 months; curvature impedes sexual intercourse; and severe penile shortening occurs. This review focuses on new developments for conservative treatment strategies for PD. [Rev Urol. 2011;13(3):139-146 doi: 10.3909/riu0528] © 2011 MedReviews®, LLC

Peyronie’s diseaseNonsurgical therapyOral medicationIntralesionaltherapyExtracorporeal shock wave therapyIontophoresisPenile traction systems

IntratesticularView Articles

Volume 16, Number 4Case Review

Intratesticular Epidermoid Cyst Masquerading as Testicular Torsion

Kevin M SlawinJeremy Slawin

Epidermoid cysts are benign tumors that comprise approximately 1% of all testicular masses. They usually present as painless masses that can be identified on scrotal ultrasound as well-demarcated intratesticular lesions with mixed echogenicity. This case report describes a rare presentation of an extremely large intratesticular epidermoid cyst with clinical and radiologic findings more consistent with testicular torsion. The sizeable cyst obliterated the surrounding testicular parenchyma, causing it to appear on scrotal Doppler ultrasound as a testicle devoid of blood flow. This obliteration also resulted in failure to identify a testicular mass on physical examination or imaging. The current literature contains previous reports of extratesticular epidermoid cysts presenting as torsion; however, this is the first report of an intratesticular epidermoid cyst presenting in this manner. Though smaller cysts may be managed effectively with testicular-sparing surgery, optimal management of a cyst this size requires orchiectomy. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):198-201 doi: 10.3909/riu0633] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Epidermoid cystTesticular torsionAcute testicular painIntratesticularDoppler

Intratesticular testosteroneView Articles

Volume 21, Number 4Case Review

Using 17-OHP as Serum Biomarker to Monitor Therapy in Patients With Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism

A MouzannarM NarasimmaP PatelR Ramasamy

Exogenous testosterone administration decreases intratesticular testosterone (ITT) significantly, an essential hormone for spermatogenesis. Therefore, treatment of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) who desire infertility can be challenging. These patients are treated with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), clomiphene citrate, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to increase their ITT. However, there is no approved serum biomarker for ITT and it can only be measured via invasive testicular biopsy or aspiration. Previous authors have speculated that serum 17-hydroxyprogestrone (17-OHP) can be used as serum biomarker for ITT. In our case report, we demonstrate increase in 17-OHP associated with spermatogenesis after commencing treatment for infertility in patient with HH. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):180–182] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC

BiomarkerInfertility17-HydroxyprogesteronIntratesticular testosteroneHypogonadotropic hypogonadism

Intraurethral applicationView Articles

Volume 9, Number 3Review Articles

Oral and Non-Oral Combination Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction

Treatment Update

An estimated 30 million men in the United States suffer from varying degrees of erectile dysfunction. Increasing age and comorbidities are likely to increase the number of men who are initially refractory or become refractory to phosphodiesterase (PDE)-5 inhibitors, the most popular oral therapy. Combination therapy, a concept well proved in other areas of medicine, is therefore of increasing importance. Combination oral and non-oral (intracavernosal injection and intraurethral application) therapies have been shown to salvage monotherapy. The early introduction of combination therapy has been shown to expedite both the return of natural function and PDE-5 inhibitor responsiveness in post-prostatectomy patients with no reports of serious adverse events. Larger controlled studies are needed to corroborate those encouraging findings. [Rev Urol. 2007;9(3):99-105]

Erectile dysfunctionPhosphodiesterase inhibitorsIntracavernosal injectionIntraurethral applicationAlprostadil

Intraurethral therapyView Articles

Volume 9, Number 4Review Articles

Extending the Rationale of Combination Therapy to Unresponsive Erectile Dysfunction

Treatment Update

Rajeev KumarAjay NehraDiedre NienowChristopher Reece

Combination therapies aim to overcome the limitations of individual drugs by selecting diverse targets of action to enhance effectiveness synergistically. This article reviews the principles of combination therapy and its applications for benign prostatic hyperplasia and overactive bladder. It then examines pathophysiological, pharmacological, and clinical evidence for currently available drug and device combinations for erectile dysfunction that has not responded to first-line, single-agent therapy. [Rev Urol. 2007;9(4):197-206]

Benign prostatic hyperplasiaOveractive bladderErectile dysfunctionCombination therapyIntracavernosal therapyIntraurethral therapy

intravesical chemotherapyView Articles
Intravesical peppersView Articles
Intravesical therapyView Articles

Volume 9, Number 4Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2007 AUA Annual Meeting (2)

Meeting Review

John P Stein

Bladder Cancer Highlights from the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association, May 19-24, 2007, Anaheim, CA [Rev Urol. 2007;9(4):220-234]

Bladder cancerQuality of lifeRisk factorsAgeCystectomyLaparoscopic surgeryIntravesical therapyPrognosisCystoscopyGenderInvasive cancerLymph node dissectionLymphovascular invasionMetastatic cancerOutcomesRepeat TURRobotic-assisted surgerySuperficial cancer

Intravesical treatmentView Articles

Volume 21, Number 4Review Articles

Intravesical Therapy for Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer—Current and Future Options in the Age of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Shortage

Treatment Update

Izak FaienaKarim ChamieVishnukamal GollaAndrew T Lenis

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a common and burdensome malignancy. A substantial proportion of patients with intermediate- and high-risk disease will progress to invasive bladder cancer and are at a significant risk for metastasis and death. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for selected cases has been the standard of care for nearly 40 years. Unfortunately, a world-wide shortage has made BCG challenging to obtain. Furthermore, recurrences and progressions do occur. With the US Food and Drug Administration creating a clear path to drug approval for novel treatments, many therapies have been tested, including intravesical cytotoxic chemotherapy, intravesical immunotherapy, systemic immunotherapy, and novel agents, such as gene therapy and targeted therapy. In this review, we highlight ongoing clinical trials. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):145–153] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC

ImmunotherapyNon-muscle invasive bladder cancerBladder cancerIntravesical treatmentBCG shortage

Intravesical vallinoid therapiesView Articles
Intrinsic sphincter deficiencyView Articles