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Biomarkers

All articles from this key word are listed below.

Volume 23, Number 3 Prostate Cancer

Incorporation of IsoPSA Into Clinical Practice in the Management of Elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen Based on Current Guidelines

Aidan Kennedy Jason Hafron

Prostate cancer is a highly prevalent malignancy among men worldwide. Optimal management depends on early detection and accurate surveillance. Several screening and surveillance tools are available to men with prostate cancer, including prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing, digital rectal examination, prostate biopsy, imaging modalities, and a plethora of biomarkers. Prostate-specific antigen, though widespread in its use, is limited in its specificity. Many adjunctive tests to PSA have been developed. One such test is IsoPSA (Cleveland Diagnostics), a novel PSA assay that focuses on structural differences among PSA isoforms to aid in detecting clinically significant prostate cancer. With an improved understanding of the capability and uses of IsoPSA, physicians can enhance patient outcomes through more accurate risk assessment and save costs by reducing the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies and imaging generated resulting from a nonspecific elevation in serum PSA. This review describes the performance and use of IsoPSA.

Prostatic neoplasms Biomarker Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)Prostate-specific antigen Biomarkers

Volume 23, Number 1 Prostate Cancer

Contemporary Approaches to Diagnosing Prostate Cancer

Ashley E. Ross Alon Lazarovich Aaron S. Dahmen Abhinav Sidana Jack Millot Jonathan E. Shoag Hangcheng Fu John Eifler

The diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) has changed substantially over the last decade. An increased understanding of disease behavior has led to the development of more specific biomarkers that may limit the numbers of prostate biopsies performed as well as the overdiagnosis of low-grade disease. We have concurrently seen the refinement of imaging techniques such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI), which can also limit overdiagnosis and aid in the discovery of clinically significant disease. We now have various options for performing ultrasound-guided biopsies, including transperineal and transrectal approaches. In this article, we gather perspectives on contemporary pathways toward the diagnosis of PCa from experts practicing in large urology practice groups and academia.

Prostatic neoplasms Biomarkers Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Volume 4, Number 2 Review Articles

Chemoprevention Strategies in the Prostate: An Overview

Treatment Update

Michael K Brawer Howard R Higley Gary J Kelloff Caroline C Sigman Scott M Lucia E David Crawford

Biomarkers Chemoprevention Clinical trial design

Volume 6, Number 4 Meeting Reviews

Interstitial Cystitis: The Paradigm Shifts

International Consultations on Interstitial Cystitis

J Curtis Nickel

Biomarkers Interstitial cystitis Painful bladder syndrome Cystoscopy Chronic pelvic pain Symptom questionnaires

Volume 6, Number 2 Review Articles

Beyond Prostate-Specific Antigen: New Serologic Biomarkers for Improved Diagnosis and Management of Prostate Cancer

Diagnostic Update

Kevin M Slawin Shahrokh F Shariat Eduardo I Canto Michael W Kattan

Prostate cancer Prostate-specific antigen Biomarkers Nomograms Insulin-like growth factor Interleukin-6 Transforming growth factor ß1 Urokinase

Volume 8, Supplement 2 Review Articles

Prostate Cancer: Epidemiology, Screening, and Biomarkers

16th International Prostate Cancer Update

Gerald W Chodak

Carcinoma of the prostate continues to be a major health problem in the United States. Beginning in 1988, a marked increase in detection of prostate cancer occurred due to the development of a test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Controversy exists, however, about the value of PSA as a tumor marker. Although it has prognostic significance both before and after definitive therapy for prostate cancer, it is unclear whether routine PSA screening will translate into a survival advantage for patients. Because of its limitations, PSA may not ultimately be a good enough marker to be used as a screening tool. However, molecular biology has led to a rapid rise in the number of potential new prostate tumor markers, which may eventually overcome the weaknesses of PSA. Considerable progress has occurred in the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer: more is understood about the risk factors for the disease, possible ways to prevent it, and new ways to diagnose and monitor it. These developments have already translated into better patient care, while also identifying where further improvements are needed. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(suppl 2):S3-S8]

Prostate cancer Prostate-specific antigen Biomarkers Prostate-specific membrane antigen Prostate-specific antigen doubling time

Volume 9, Number 3 Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2007 AUA Annual Meeting

Meeting Review

Jacob Rajfer Claus G Roehrborn Michael K Brawer Dean G Assimos Danil V Makarov Ellen Shapiro Alan W Partin Michael B Chancellor J Curtis Nickel

Highlights from the 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Urological Association May 19-24, 2007 Anaheim, CA [Rev Urol. 2007;9(3):133-154]

Prostate cancer Obesity Benign prostatic hyperplasia Antibiotic prophylaxis Nocturia Lower urinary tract symptoms Botulinum toxin Prostate-specific antigen Biomarkers PCA3 Testosterone Urinary tract infections Urolithiasis Laser ablation Endourology Male voiding dysfunction LHRH antagonists Antimuscarinic agents Circumcision Repeat biopsy Human glandularkallikrein Expectant management CRISP-3 MSP Microvesseldensity Endoglin Survivin Telomeres Interleukin-8 PDE-5 inhibitors Acute urinaryretention 5Alpha-reductase inhibitors Doxazosin Finasteride Transurethral microwave thermotherapy TURP Perioperative blood loss Microbialbiofilms HIV Stem cell injection

Volume 12, Number 3 Review Articles

Can Urinary Nerve Growth Factor Be a Biomarker for Overactive Bladder?

Diagnostic Update

Hsin-Tzu Liu Hann-Chorng Kuo Michael B Chancellor

The clinical diagnosis of overactive bladder (OAB) greatly varies and is based on subjective symptoms. A more objective method to diagnose and assess therapeutic outcome in OAB patients, especially for health care providers not trained in urology, needs to be found. Evidence has shown that urinary proteins such as nerve growth factor (NGF) and prostaglandin E2 levels increase in patients with OAB, bladder outlet obstruction, and detrusor overactivity. Urinary NGF level increases physiologically in normal subjects at urge to void, but increases pathologically in OAB patients at a small bladder volume and with a sensation of urgency. Recent studies have shown that patients with OAB dry and OAB wet have significantly higher urinary NGF levels compared with control groups and patients with increased bladder sensation. Urinary NGF levels decrease after antimuscarinic therapy and further decrease after detrusor botulinum toxin injections in refractory OAB. Urinary NGF level could be a potential biomarker for diagnosis of OAB and assessment of the therapeutic effect of antimuscarinic therapy. The latest medical advances in this field are reviewed herein. [Rev Urol. 2010;12(2/3):e69-e77 doi: 10.3909/riu0432]

Biomarkers Overactive bladder Urinary proteins Nerve growth factor

Volume 19, Number 3 Review Articles

Clinical Performance of the 4Kscore Test to Predict High-grade Prostate Cancer at Biopsy: A Meta-analysis of US and European Clinical Validation Study Results

Predictive Performance Evaluation

Yan Dong Vincent Linder David Okrongly Stephen M Zappala Peter T Scardino

The 4Kscore® Test (OPKO Diagnostics, Woburn, MA) is a blood test utilized prior to a prostate biopsy to determine a patient’s risk of high-grade prostate cancer (PCa) should the biopsy be performed, thus providing critical information in the clinical management of men with a suspicious prostate-specific antigen value or digital rectal examination result. Multiple US and European clinical studies confirmed that a prebiopsy 4Kscore Test has a high degree of discrimination for a subsequent discovery of high-grade (Gleason score ≥7) PCa. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive accuracy of the 4Kscore Test to discriminate between patients with and without high-grade PCa based on published clinical validation studies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the eligible 4Kscore Test clinical validation studies was conducted. The pooled area under the curve (AUC) of the 4Kscore Test as reported from all the studies, and the heterogeneity among these studies were analyzed and repeated for subgroups of the studies. Twelve clinical validation studies were included in the meta-analysis, comprising a total of 11,134 patients. The pooled AUC to discriminate for high-grade PCa for all 12 studies was 0.81 (fixed effects 95% CI, 0.80-0.83). Restricting the analysis to the six publications that used the contemporary 4Kscore Test algorithm led to very similar results (AUC 0.81; 95% CI, 0.79-0.83). Heterogeneity was high among all of the 12 studies, as well as among the six publications that used the contemporary 4Kscore Test (Cochrane’s Q test, p = 0.001 for both); however, in both cases, after exclusion of a single outlying study with a much lower AUC, heterogeneity was no longer significant (p = 0.08 and p = 0.21). The pooled estimate of 4Kscore Test discrimination (AUC) for high-grade PCa is .0.80, and is consistent across multiple US and European clinical validation studies. [Rev Urol. 2017;19(3):149–155 doi: 10.3909/riu0776] © 2017 MedReviews®, LLC

Biopsy Biomarkers 4Kscore High-grade prostate cancer Early detection