Review ArticlesIntravesical Therapy for Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer—Current and Future Options in the Age of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin ShortageTreatment UpdateAndrew T LenisVishnukamal GollaKarim ChamieIzak FaienaNon-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) is a common and burdensome malignancy. A substantial proportion of patients with intermediate- and high-risk disease will progress to invasive bladder cancer and are at a significant risk for metastasis and death. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for selected cases has been the standard of care for nearly 40 years. Unfortunately, a world-wide shortage has made BCG challenging to obtain. Furthermore, recurrences and progressions do occur. With the US Food and Drug Administration creating a clear path to drug approval for novel treatments, many therapies have been tested, including intravesical cytotoxic chemotherapy, intravesical immunotherapy, systemic immunotherapy, and novel agents, such as gene therapy and targeted therapy. In this review, we highlight ongoing clinical trials. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):145–153] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLCImmunotherapyNon-muscle invasive bladder cancerBladder cancerIntravesical treatmentBCG shortage
Review ArticlesLong-term Consequences of Medical Therapy for Benign Prostatic HyperplasiaManagement UpdateSteven A KaplanVannita Simma-ChiangEric M BortnickBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a common disease in men. Although transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the gold standard therapy for treatment of BPH and associated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), many patients choose to avoid surgery and instead choose medical therapy. Until recently, medical therapy for BPH has been thought to be both safe and effective. However, new studies have shown that some of these medications can have significant neurocognitive, psychiatric, and sexual side effects, including dementia and depression. As most patients taking these medications will continue them for the long term, it is vital for physicians to explain these potential risks to the patient prior to prescribing them for a quality-of-life condition. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):154–157] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLCBenign prostatic hyperplasiaMedical therapyDepressionDementia5-Alpha-reductase inhibitorsalpha-blockers
Review ArticlesImpact of Demographic Factors and Systemic Disease on Urinary Stone Risk Parameters Amongst Stone FormersOriginal ResearchRobert OsterOmotola AshorobiDustin WhitakerCarter BoydBarbara GowerWilliam PooreKyle WoodDean G AssimosThis article examines via multivariate analysis the associations between demographic factors and systemic diseases on stone risk parameters in a stone-forming population. A retrospective chart review of adult stone formers who completed 24-hour urine collections from April 2004 through August 2015 was performed. Data was collected on age, sex, race, body mass index (BMI), and diagnoses of diabetes and hypertension. CT imaging and renal/abdominal ultrasonography (within ±6 mo) were reviewed for diagnosis of fatty liver disease. Statistical analysis included Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis, and linear and logistic regression analyses, both univariate and multivariate. Five hundred eighty-nine patients were included. Numerous urinary parameters were significant in association with demographic factors or systemic diseases in a multivariate analysis. Older age was associated with decreased calcium (Ca) excretion (P = 0.0214), supersaturation of calcium oxalate (SSCaOx; P = 0.0262), supersaturation of calcium phosphate (SSCaP; P < 0.0001), and urinary pH (P = 0.0201). Men excreted more Ca (P = 0.0015) and oxalate (Ox; P = 0.0010), had lower urine pH (P = 0.0269), and higher supersaturation of uric acid (SSUA; P < 0.0001) than women. Blacks had lower urine volume (P = 0.0023), less Ca excretion (P = 0.0142), less Ox excretion (P = 0.0074), and higher SSUA (P = 0.0049). Diabetes was associated with more Ox excretion (P < 0.0001), lower SSCaP (P = 0.0068), and lower urinary pH (P = 0.0153). There were positive correlations between BMI and Ca excretion (P = 0.0386), BMI and Ox excretion (P = 0.0177), and BMI and SSUA (P = 0.0045). These results demonstrate that demographic factors and systemic disease are independently associated with numerous risk factors for kidney stones. The mechanisms responsible for these associations and disparities (racial differences) need to be further elucidated. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):158–165] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLCObesityKidney stonesDiabetesSystemic diseaseFatty Liver
Meeting ReviewsProstate Cancer Academy 2019 Selected SummariesJacob Taylor[Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):166–171] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLCProstate cancerImmunotherapyActive surveillanceFocal therapympMRIPSMA-PET
NYU Case of the MonthComplexities of Contemporary Bladder Cancer CareNYU Case of the Month, September 2019Richard S Matulewicz[Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):172–174] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC
NYU Case of the MonthEmphysematous PyelonephritisNYU Case of the Month, October 2019Frederick A Gulmi[Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):175–177] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC
NYU Case of the MonthNovel Clinical Trial to Improve the Quality of PSA Screening Decisions for Black Men and Their Healthcare ProvidersNYU Case of the Month, November 2019Joseph E RavenellDanil V Makarov[Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):178–179] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC
Case ReviewUsing 17-OHP as Serum Biomarker to Monitor Therapy in Patients With Hypogonadotropic HypogonadismR RamasamyP PatelM NarasimmaA MouzannarExogenous testosterone administration decreases intratesticular testosterone (ITT) significantly, an essential hormone for spermatogenesis. Therefore, treatment of patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) who desire infertility can be challenging. These patients are treated with recombinant follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), clomiphene citrate, and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to increase their ITT. However, there is no approved serum biomarker for ITT and it can only be measured via invasive testicular biopsy or aspiration. Previous authors have speculated that serum 17-hydroxyprogestrone (17-OHP) can be used as serum biomarker for ITT. In our case report, we demonstrate increase in 17-OHP associated with spermatogenesis after commencing treatment for infertility in patient with HH. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(4):180–182] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLCBiomarkerInfertility17-HydroxyprogesteronIntratesticular testosteroneHypogonadotropic hypogonadism