Review ArticlesExtent of Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection During Radical Cystectomy: Is Bigger Better?Management ReviewTrinity J BivalacquaMatthew E NielsenRobert S SvatekDebasish SundiPelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) is a standard component of radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer. The optimal anatomic PLND template remains undefined. An extended PLND template can potentially improve survival through the eradication of micrometastatic disease and improved pathologic staging. However, this benefit could be compromised by a potential increase in perioperative complications and cost. Two randomized controlled clinical trials that will clarify this question are ongoing. Many important retrospective studies have provided insights into the optimal PLND extent. Here the authors review the key evidence that informs how urologists may tailor the PLND template during RC depending on patient and tumor characteristics. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):159-166 doi: 10.3909/riu0626] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLCRadical cystectomyPelvic lymph node dissectionTemplateMicrometastatic disease
Review ArticlesErectile Dysfunction and Essential Hypertension: The Same Aging-related Disorder?Screening UpdateJacob RajfeMartin MinerRaul I ClavijoAn erection is a mechanical event dependent primarily on corporeal vascular dynamics wherein arterial inflow and storage of blood within the corpora is greater than the egress of blood from the corpora. The most common cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) is the inability of the corporal tissue to store the blood within the corporal sinusoids once inflow into the corpora begins. This failure to store is primarily due to a corporal smooth muscle dysfunction and, in most men, is most likely an aging-related occurrence. Because the corporal smooth muscle is embryologically and physiologically indistinguishable from the smooth muscle within our arterial system, the authors hypothesize that the aging-related dysfunction that occurs within the penis also occurs within the arterial system, and that this smooth muscle dysfunction within the arterial media is most likely the cause of what is called essential hypertension. This panvascular smooth muscle myopathy could explain why hypertension is the most common comorbidity associated with ED and appears to indicate that both ED and essential hypertension are the same disorder, albeit in two different organ systems. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):167-171 doi: 10.3909/riu0631] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLCHypertensionErectionEndotheliumSmooth muscle
Review ArticlesA Guide for Clinicians in the Evaluation of Emerging Molecular Diagnostics for Newly Diagnosed Prostate CancerDiagnosis UpdateJudd W MoulH Jeffrey LawrenceAdam S KibelSteven E CanfieldPhillip G FebboMichael J KemeterProstate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is associated with a decline in prostate cancerrelated mortality. However, screening has also led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment of clinically insignificant tumors. Recently, certain national guidelines (eg, US Preventive Services Task Force) have recommended against PSA screening, which may lead to a reverse-stage migration. Although many prostate tumors are indolent at presentation, others are aggressive and are appropriate targets for treatment interventions. Utilization of molecular markers may improve our ability to measure tumor biology and allow better discrimination of indolent and aggressive tumors at diagnosis. Many emerging commercial molecular diagnostic assays have been designed to provide more accurate risk stratification for newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Unfamiliarity with molecular diagnostics may make it challenging for some clinicians to navigate and interpret the medical literature to ascertain whether particular assays are appropriately developed and validated for clinical use. Herein, the authors provide a framework for practitioners to use when assessing new tissue-based molecular assays. This review outlines aspects of assay development, clinical and analytic validation and clinical utility studies, and regulatory issues, which collectively determine whether tests (1) are actionable for specific clinical indications, (2) measurably influence treatment decisions, and (3) are sufficiently validated to warrant incorporation into clinical practice. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):172-180 doi: 10.3909/riu0644] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLCProstate cancerBiomarkerClinical utilityGenomic prostate scoreAdverse pathologyClinical validationMolecular diagnostics
Review ArticlesPost–Radical Prostatectomy Incontinence: Etiology and PreventionPrevention UpdateAhmed AbrofKimberley HoylandGregory BousteadNikhil VasdevAll patients undergoing a radical prostatectomy (RP) using any surgical approach, be it open, laparoscopic, or robotic, are at risk of developing postprostatectomy urinary incontinence. This side effect of RP has an effect on the patient’s quality of life and can be associated with moderate to severe postoperative morbidity. The authors present a review of the etiology and prevention strategies of postprostatectomy urinary incontinence. Based on the current literature, the authors conclude that there is a paucity of studies that can accurately answer the exact anatomic and physiologic etiologies of postprostatectomy urinary incontinence. The aim of urologic surgeons performing RP should be to reduce the rate of postoperative incontinence rather than attempting to treat it once it has occurred. Further studies aimed at providing a detailed anatomic map of the pelvic anatomy related to continence will help to improve surgical techniques and reduce postoperative urinary incontinence following RP. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):181-188 doi: 10.3909/riu0606] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLCRadical prostatectomyUrinary incontinenceUrethral length
LUGPA NewsFrom the President’s Desk: Looking Ahead at 2015[Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):189-190 doi: 10.3909/riu1604lugpa] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC
Case ReviewTesticular Sclerosing Sertoli Cell Tumor: A Case Report and Review of the LiteratureAndres A RomaSarah ColemanYagil BarazaniEdmund S SabaneghSertoli cell tumors are very rare testicular tumors, representing 0.4% to 1.5% of all testicular malignancies. They are subclassified as classic, large-cell calcifying, and sclerosing Sertoli cell tumors (SSCT) based on distinct clinical features. Only 42 cases of SSCTs have been reported in the literature. We present a case of a 23-year-old man diagnosed with SSCT. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):191-193 doi: 10.3909/riu0620] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLCTesticular neoplasmSertoli cell tumorSclerosing Sertoli cell tumor
Case ReviewThe Use of Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A in a Patient With Refractory Urge Incontinence to Facilitate the Intravesical Treatment of Bladder CarcinomaPatricia GilhoolyMina FamIntravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has become the preferred initial treatment after resection of high-grade T1 urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ (CIS). We report the case of a patient with high-grade T1 urothelial carcinoma and CIS who was treated with intravesical BCG. Due to the patient’s severe urge incontinence, however, the BCG solution leaked from the bladder immediately upon instillation. We describe our experience of using botulinum neurotoxin A intradetrusor injections to facilitate successful intravesical therapy by increasing bladder capacity to enable the BCG to remain in the patient’s bladder for the appropriate treatment duration. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):194-197 doi: 10.3909/riu0621] This article is a US Government work, and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America. Published by MedReviews®, LLC.Bacillus Calmette-GuérinBladder carcinomaBotulinum neurotoxinGemcitabine
Case ReviewIntratesticular Epidermoid Cyst Masquerading as Testicular TorsionJeremy SlawinKevin M SlawinEpidermoid cysts are benign tumors that comprise approximately 1% of all testicular masses. They usually present as painless masses that can be identified on scrotal ultrasound as well-demarcated intratesticular lesions with mixed echogenicity. This case report describes a rare presentation of an extremely large intratesticular epidermoid cyst with clinical and radiologic findings more consistent with testicular torsion. The sizeable cyst obliterated the surrounding testicular parenchyma, causing it to appear on scrotal Doppler ultrasound as a testicle devoid of blood flow. This obliteration also resulted in failure to identify a testicular mass on physical examination or imaging. The current literature contains previous reports of extratesticular epidermoid cysts presenting as torsion; however, this is the first report of an intratesticular epidermoid cyst presenting in this manner. Though smaller cysts may be managed effectively with testicular-sparing surgery, optimal management of a cyst this size requires orchiectomy. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):198-201 doi: 10.3909/riu0633] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLCEpidermoid cystTesticular torsionAcute testicular painIntratesticularDoppler
Literature ReviewsHeterogeneity in Active Surveillance Protocols WorldwideProstate CancerHerbert LeporR Scott BraithwaiteAngela FagerlinMark SchwartzBallentine CarterStacy Loeb[Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):202-203 doi: 10.3909/riu0649] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC