Prostate cancer

All articles from this key word are listed below.

Radical prostatectomy represents the standard of care for surgical treatment of clinically localized prostate cancer. First described in 1904, the operation became widely performed only after advances in diagnostic and surgical techniques occurred later in the century. Over time, open retropubic radical prostatectomy (RRP) became the most common operation for prostate cancer, and excellent long-term survival outcomes have been reported. More recently, minimally invasive techniques such as the robotic-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALRP) were introduced. Despite a lack of prospectively collected, long-term data supporting its use, RALRP has overtaken RRP as the most frequently performed prostate cancer operation in the United States. This article uses currently available data to compare oncologic, functional, and quality-of-life outcomes associated with both the open and robotic approaches to radical prostatectomy. [ Rev Urol. 2012;14(1/2):20-27 doi:10.3909/riu0552] © 2012 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancer Radical retropubic prostatectomy Perioperative outcomes Robotic-assisted

Volume 15, Number 4 Meeting Reviews

Updates in the Care and Management of Prostate Cancer: Highlights From the 2013 Prostate Cancer World Congress, August 6-10, 2013, Melbourne, Australia

Áine Goggins Marnique Basto Stacy Loeb

Prostate cancer Active surveillance Health disparities Consensus statement

Volume 15, Number 4 Review Articles

Short-, Intermediate-, and Long-term Quality of Life Outcomes Following Radical Prostatectomy for Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer

Management Review

Ted Lee Vinay Prabhu Tyler R McClintock Herbert Lepor

Many clinically localized prostate cancers that are diagnosed today are low risk, and prevention of disease-specific mortality may only be realized decades after treatment. Radical prostatectomy (RP) may adversely impact health-related quality of life (HRQOL) by causing both transient or permanent urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction. In contrast, RP may also improve HRQOL via relief of lower urinary tract symptoms in men suffering from these symptoms prior to surgery. Because the average man treated for prostate cancer has a life expectancy of approximately 14 years, it is imperative to consider the long-term impact of RP on both survival and HRQOL in treatment decision making. This comprehensive literature review examines short-, intermediate-, and long-term HRQOL following RP. In addition, the long-term results of RP are compared with other treatment modalities for treating clinically localized prostate cancer. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(4):161-177 doi: 10.3909/riu0604] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancer Radical prostatectomy Health-related quality of life

Volume 15, Number 4 Original Research

Utilization Trends and Positive Biopsy Rates for Prostate Biopsies in the United States: 2005 to 2011

Savvas E Mendrinos David G Bostwick Carl A Olsson Ann E Anderson Deepak A Kapoor

This article assesses the positive biopsy rate and core sampling pattern in patients undergoing needle biopsy of the prostate in the United States at a national reference laboratory (NRL) and anatomic pathology laboratories integrated into urology group practices, and analyzes the relationship between positive biopsy rates and the number of specimen vials per biopsy. For the years 2005 to 2011 we collected pathology data from an NRL, including number of urologists and urology practices referring samples, total specimen vials submitted for prostate biopsies, and final pathologic diagnosis for each case. The diagnoses were categorized as benign, malignant, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, or atypical small acinar proliferation. Over the same period, similar data were gathered from urology practices with in-house laboratories performing global pathology services (urology practice laboratories; UPLs) as identified by a survey of members of the Large Urology Group Practice Association. For each year studied, positive biopsy rate and number of specimen vials per biopsy were calculated in aggregate and separately for each site of service. From 2005 to 2011, 437,937 biopsies were submitted in . 4.23 million vials (9.4 specimen vials/biopsy); overall positive biopsy rate was 40.3%—this was identical at both the NRL and UPL (P 5 .97). Nationally, the number of specimen vials per biopsy increased sharply from a mean of 8.8 during 2005 to 2008 to a mean of 10.3 from 2009 to 2011 (difference, 1.5 specimen vials/biopsy; P 5 .03). For the most recent 3-year period (2009-2011), the difference of 0.6 specimen vials per biopsy between the NRL (10.0) and UPL (10.6) was not significant (P 5 0.08). Positive biopsy rate correlated strongly (P , .01) with number of specimen vials per biopsy. The positive prostate biopsy rate is 40.3% and is identical across sites of service. Although there was a national trend toward increased specimen vials per biopsy from 2005 to 2011, from 2009 to 2011 there was no significant difference in specimen vials per biopsy across sites of service. Increased cancer detection rate correlated significantly with increased number of specimens examined. Segregation of prostate biopsy cores into 10 to 12 unique specimen vials has been widely adopted by urologists across sites of service. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(4):137-144 doi: 10.3909/riu0600] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancer Prostate biopsy Utilization trends National reference laboratory

Volume 15, Number 3 Review Articles

Bladder Cancer After Radiotherapy for Prostate Cancer

Systematic Review

Emanuela Altobelli Francesca Suriano Federico Sergi Maurizio Buscarini

External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) is frequently used in the management of prostate cancer (PCa) as definitive, postoperative, or salvage local treatment. Although EBRT plays a central role in the management of PCa, complications remain a troubling by-product. Several studies have demonstrated an association between radiotherapy and elevated risk of acute and late toxicities. A secondary malignancy induced by initial therapy represents one of the most serious complications related to definitive cancer treatment. The radiation-related secondary primary malignancy risk increases with increasing survival time. Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder is the most frequent secondary primary malignancy occurring after radiotherapy and is described as more aggressive; it may be diagnosed later because some radiation oncologists believe that the hematuria that occurs after prostate EBRT is normal. Some patients treated for localized PCa will subsequently develop invasive bladder cancer requiring surgical intervention. Patients with PCa treated with EBRT should be monitored closely for the presence of bladder cancer. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(3):108-112 doi: 10.3909/riu0577] © 2013 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancer Bladder cancer Radiotherapy External beam radiotherapy

Volume 15, Number 2 Meeting Reviews

Advances in Localized Prostate Cancer

Highlights From the 2012 Friends of Israel Urological Symposium, July 3-5, 2012, Tel Aviv, Israel

James F Borin Stacy Loeb

Prostate cancer PSA screening Prevention Markers Treatment

Volume 15, Number 2 Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2013 AUA Annual Meeting

Highlights From the 2013 American Urological Association Meeting, May 4-8, 2013, San Diego, CA

Adam JM Kern

Prostate cancer PSA screening Nephrolithiasis Overactive bladder PCA3 Interstitial cystitis Prostate biopsy Transrectal ultrasound Erectile dysfunction Cystectomy Chronic pelvic pain syndrome Shock wave lithotripsy Prostate markers

Volume 16, Number 4 Review Articles

A Guide for Clinicians in the Evaluation of Emerging Molecular Diagnostics for Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer

Diagnosis Update

Steven E Canfield Adam S Kibel H Jeffrey Lawrence Judd W Moul Michael J Kemeter Phillip G Febbo

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is associated with a decline in prostate cancerrelated mortality. However, screening has also led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment of clinically insignificant tumors. Recently, certain national guidelines (eg, US Preventive Services Task Force) have recommended against PSA screening, which may lead to a reverse-stage migration. Although many prostate tumors are indolent at presentation, others are aggressive and are appropriate targets for treatment interventions. Utilization of molecular markers may improve our ability to measure tumor biology and allow better discrimination of indolent and aggressive tumors at diagnosis. Many emerging commercial molecular diagnostic assays have been designed to provide more accurate risk stratification for newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Unfamiliarity with molecular diagnostics may make it challenging for some clinicians to navigate and interpret the medical literature to ascertain whether particular assays are appropriately developed and validated for clinical use. Herein, the authors provide a framework for practitioners to use when assessing new tissue-based molecular assays. This review outlines aspects of assay development, clinical and analytic validation and clinical utility studies, and regulatory issues, which collectively determine whether tests (1) are actionable for specific clinical indications, (2) measurably influence treatment decisions, and (3) are sufficiently validated to warrant incorporation into clinical practice. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):172-180 doi: 10.3909/riu0644] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancer Biomarker Clinical utility Genomic prostate score Adverse pathology Clinical validation Molecular diagnostics

Volume 16, Number 3 Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2014 AUA Annual Meeting

Adam JM Kern Ellen Shapiro Alan W Partin

Prostate cancer Vesicoureteral reflux Radical prostatectomy Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer Pediatric urology Cryptorchidism

Highlights From the 2012 American Urological Association Meeting

Treatment Review

Management Review

Systematic Review

Highlights From the 2012 Friends of Israel Urological Symposium, July 3-5, 2012, Tel Aviv, Israel

Highlights From the 2013 American Urological Association Meeting, May 4-8, 2013, San Diego, CA

Diagnosis Update

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Highlights From the 2012 American Urological Association Meeting

Treatment Review

Management Review

Systematic Review

Highlights From the 2012 Friends of Israel Urological Symposium, July 3-5, 2012, Tel Aviv, Israel

Highlights From the 2013 American Urological Association Meeting, May 4-8, 2013, San Diego, CA

Diagnosis Update