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Directory of Authors from the Journal and their last article.

Marco RossoView Articles

Volume 15, Number 4Review Articles

Intracavitary Immunotherapy and Chemotherapy for Upper Urinary Tract Cancer: Current Evidence

Systematic Review

Luca CarmignaniRoberto BianchiGabriele CozziNicola MacchioneCarlo MarenghiSara MelegariMarco RossoElena TondelliAugusto MaggioniAngelica Grasso

A review of the literature was performed to summarize current evidence regarding the efficacy of topical immunotherapy and chemotherapy for upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinoma (UUT-UCC) in terms of post-treatment recurrence rates. A Medline database literature search was performed in March 2012 using the terms upper urinary tract, urothelial cancer, bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), and mitomycin C. A total of 22 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility, and 19 studies reporting the outcomes of patients who underwent immunotherapy or chemotherapy with curative or adjuvant intent for UUT-UCC were chosen for quantitative analysis. Overall, the role of immunotherapy and chemotherapy for UUT-UCC is not firmly established. The most established practice is the treatment of carcinoma in situ (CIS) with BCG, even if a significant advantage has not yet been proven. The use of BCG as adjuvant therapy after complete resection of papillary UUT-UCC has been studied less extensively, even if recurrence rates are not significantly different than after the treatment of CIS. Only a few reports describe the use of mitomycin C, making it difficult to obtain significant evidence. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(4):145-153 doi: 10.3909/riu0579] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

ImmunotherapyChemotherapyBacillus Calmette-GuérinUpper urinary tractUrothelial cell carcinomaMitomycin C

Marcus CognettiView Articles

Volume 22, Number 3Review Articles

The Impact of Systematic Safety Precautions on COVID-19 Risk Exposure and Transmission Rates in Outpatient Healthcare Workers

Deepak A KapoorKathleen LatinoAnn E AndersonGillian HodesJonathan AndersonMarcus CognettiChiraag Patel

We evaluated the impact of safety protocols, including rapid testing and contact tracing, on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk exposure and transmission rates amongst healthcare workers in the outpatient care setting. Over an 11-week period, a total of 254 employees representing 38% of our total workforce had potential COVID-19 exposure and underwent voluntary COVID-19 testing. Data was stratified based on severity of risk exposure and job description. During this period, the probability of a COVID exposure being high risk decreased in Administrative (293.0%; P < 0.01) and Clinical (277.0%; P < 0.01) staff; simultaneously, viral transmission rates declined in Administrative (273.4%; P = 0.03) and Clinical (269.9%; P = 0.04) staff as well. Systematic safety protocols effectively reduce exposure risk and transmission rates in outpatient healthcare workers and should be ubiquitously adopted. [Rev Urol. 2020;22(3):93-101] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC

SafetyCOVID-19 diagnostic testingContact tracing

Margie O'LearyView Articles
Maria J Arcila-RuizView Articles

Volume 19, Number 3Meeting Reviews

Best of the 2017 AUA Annual Meeting

Benjamin M BruckerDean G AssimosEllen ShapiroAlan W PartinMichael B ChancellorJ Curtis NickelMaria J Arcila-RuizSasha C Druskin

[Rev Urol. 2017;19(3):169–179 doi: 10.3909/riu0763] © 2017 MedReviews®, LLC

Percutaneous nephrolithotomyDisorders of sexual developmentBladder exstrophyProstate-specific antigenBiomarkersMicrobiomeOnabotulinumtoxinABladder pain syndromeStem cell therapyInterstitial cystitisStress urinary incontinenceKallikreinZika virusReverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplificationRefractory overactive bladderMeshectomyPudendal neuromodulationMedical expulsive therapyGlans groove

Marina CameronView Articles
Mario A EisenbergerView Articles
Marios Panagiotis MetsinisView Articles

Volume 20, Number 1Original Research

Transrectal Ultrasound–guided Versus Transperineal Mapping Prostate Biopsy: Complication Comparison

Transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy • Transperieneal mapping prostate biopsy • Complications

Vladimir MouravievE David CrawfordVassilios M SkouterisPaul AranguaMarios Panagiotis MetsinisMichael SkouterisGeorge ZacharopoulosNelson N Stone

Herein, the authors compare morbidity in men who underwent both transrectal ultrasound–guided (TRUS) prostate biopsy and transperineal mapping biopsy (TPMB) at two institutions with extensive experience in both procedures. We also identified strategies and predictive factors to reduce morbidity for both procedures. In our study, 379 men from two institutions, of which 265 (69.9%) had a prior TRUS-guided biopsy, also had TPMB performed via a template with biopsies taken at 5-mm intervals. Men in the TRUS group had a median of 12 cores sampled whereas the TPMB group had 51.5 (range, 16-151). The median biopsy density was 1.1 core/cc prostate volume. Median age and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level were 65 years (range, 34-86) and 5.5 ng/mL (range, 0.02-118). Of these men, 11 of 265 (4.2%) who had TRUS biopsy developed urinary tract infection compared with 3 of 379 (0.79%) of those with mapping biopsy. Infection was 14.8% in TRUS biopsy group with 13 or more cores versus 2.9% in those with 12 or less (OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 1.6-21.2; P = 0.003). No men developed retention after TRUS biopsy whereas 30 of 379 (7.9%) did following TPMB. Older age, larger prostate volume (PV), and higher core number were associated with retention. On linear regression only age (P = 0.010) and PV (P = 0.016) remained as significant associations. Men older than 65 years had 12.8% versus 3.9% (OR, 3.7; 95% CI, 1.6-8.4, P = 0.001) and PV greater than 42 cc had 13.4% versus 2.7% (OR, 5.7; 95% CI, 2.1-15.1) retention incidence. In the present study TPMB is rarely associated with infection (0.78%) but more commonly with urinary retention (7.9%). Men older than 65 years and with PV greater than 42 cc were at four to five times greater retention risk. Consideration should be given to discharging these men with a urinary catheter following TPMB. [Rev Urol. 2018;20(1):19–25 doi: 10.3909/riu0785] © 2018 MedReviews, LLC®

ComplicationsTransrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsyTransperieneal mapping prostate biopsy

Mark A MoyadView Articles
Mark A PerlmutterView Articles

Volume 9, Supplement 1Review Articles

Androgen Deprivation Therapy in the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer

New Directions in the Management of Advanced Prostate Cancer

Herbert LeporMark A Perlmutter

This article reviews the issues and controversies relevant to the treatment of advanced prostate cancer with androgen deprivation therapy. Initially, diethylstilbestrol was used for achieving androgen deprivation, but was replaced by luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). Adverse events associated with LHRH agonists include the flare phenomenon, hot flashes, loss of libido, erectile dysfunction, depression, muscle wasting, anemia, and osteoporosis. Intermittent therapy has been advocated to reduce morbidity of treatment. The addition of an antiandrogen provides maximum androgen blockade. There remains controversy regarding the timing of the addition of an antiandrogen. Secondary hormonal therapies include antiandrogens, adrenal androgen inhibitors, and estrogens. [Rev Urol. 2007;9(suppl 1):S3-S8]

Androgen deprivation therapyLHRH agonistsAdvanced prostate cancerDiethylstilbestrolMaximum androgen blockade

Mark D KleidView Articles

Volume 9, Number 2Review Articles

Understanding the Natural Biology of Kidney Cancer: Implications for Targeted Cancer Therapy

Treatment Update

Arie S BelldegrunAllan J PantuckTobias KlatteMark D Kleid

During the past several decades, there has been a significant increase in the understanding of the biology, clinical behavior, and prognostic factors of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Such progress has led to greater sophistication in the diagnosis and classification of RCC. Here, we review recent advances in our knowledge of the biologic characteristics of RCC that have resulted in notable achievements in staging, prognosis, patient selection, and treatment. [Rev Urol. 2007;9(2):47-56]

AngiogenesisGeneticsMolecular markersTargeted treatmentTumor-node-metastasis classification

Mark E JohnsonView Articles

Volume 19, Number 4Review Articles

A Head-to-Head Comparative Phase II Study of Standard Urine Culture and Sensitivity Versus DNA Next-generation Sequencing Testing for Urinary Tract Infections

Original Research

Vladimir MouravievDavid AlbalaMichael McDonaldDarian KamehMark E JohnsonTruls E Bjerklund Johansen

Many studies have discussed clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of cystitis and pyelonephritis. Treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be based on empiric antibiotic therapy. For complicated or recurrent UTIs, therapy can be based on laboratory-controlled culture and sensitivity (C&S) reports. The diagnosis of UTI by clinical criteria alone has an error rate of up to 33%. In addition, positive laboratory culture results do not always indicate a diagnosis of UTI. Comparison of urine in a conventional culture model versus DNA next-generation sequencing (NGS) to accurately identify and provide information on resistance factors (mobile genetic elements) is warranted. Our study was a head-to-head comparative phase II study of standard urine C&amp;S versus DNA NGS testing for the diagnosis and treatment efficacy in patients with symptoms of acute cystitis based on short-term outcomes. [Rev Urol. 2017;19(4):213–220 doi: 10.3909/riu0780] © 2018 MedReviews®, LLC

Urinary tract infectionPyelonephritisCystitisDNA next-generation sequencing

Mark EmbertonView Articles

Volume 16, Number 3Review Articles

The Rationale for Optimal Combination Therapy With Sipuleucel-T for Patients With Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer

Treatment Review

Neal D ShoreRaoul S ConcepcionChristopher M PieczonkaVladimir MouravievNeil MariadosRobert B SimsMark Emberton

Immunotherapy encourages the recipient&rsquo;s own immune response to destroy cancer cells, and current evidence suggests that immunotherapies may be most beneficial in early metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Sipuleucel-T is the first therapeutic cancer vaccine to be approved by both the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency for the treatment of asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mCRPC. Combining immunotherapy with other treatments may have potent anticancer effects; cytoreductive therapies can release tumor antigens and promote a proinflammatory environment that could augment immunotherapies. However, some cytoreductive agents or coadministered drugs may be immunosuppressive. Understanding these interactions between different mCRPC treatment modalities may offer further potential to improve patient outcomes. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(3):122-130 doi: 10.3909/riu0637] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancerSipuleucel-TCombination therapy

Mark H KatzView Articles

Volume 9, Supplement 2Review Articles

High-Risk, Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer: Is Monotherapy Adequate?

Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer

Mark H KatzJames M McKiernan

High-risk, clinically localized prostate cancer represents a diverse disease entity. Patients who are considered to be at highest risk for biochemical failure after localized treatments may not be at significant risk for diseasespecific mortality. In this review, an attempt will be made to define high-risk status and help identify patients at high risk for mortality after a diagnosis of localized prostate cancer. Subsequently, a review of monotherapy approaches as well as previously successful strategies utilizing multimodality therapy for high-risk disease will be presented. Finally, a synopsis will be given of several ongoing randomized clinical trials using the most effective systemic therapies in the adjuvant setting following thorough local treatments such as radical prostatectomy. This review will provide a glimpse into the future and describe the tools that it is hoped will improve further upon the results of surgical monotherapy for high-risk, localized prostate cancer. [Rev Urol. 2007;9(suppl 2):S19-S27]

Prostate cancerRadical prostatectomyHigh-risk, localized prostate cancerMortality riskMultimodality therapy

Mark J SwierzewskiView Articles
Mark JalkutView Articles
Mark MemoView Articles

Volume 19, Number 1Case Review

Bladder Cancer That Metastasized to the Skin: A Unique Presentation That Signifies Poor Prognosis

Tal CohenMark MemoDaniel Ricchiuti

In the United States in 2015, an estimated 74,000 new cases of bladder cancer were diagnosed and approximately 16,000 deaths were due to bladder cancer. We present a rare case of a patient with aggressive bladder cancer who presented with multiple inguinal and scrotal skin lesions that were proven to be metastatic urothelial malignancy. Bladder malignancy can involve the skin by direct tumor invasion, hematogenous routes, lymphatic spread, and direct seeding due to iatrogenic implantation. The cutaneous lesions have an extremely variable appearance, are resistant to therapies, and signify a dismal prognosis. [Rev Urol. 2017;19(1):68-71 doi: 10.3909/riu0740] © 2017 MedReviews®, LLC

Bladder cancerCutaneous metastasisUrothelial malignancy

Mark PainterView Articles

Volume 23, Number 2Coding Corner

Coding Corner: Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System Code G2211, Visit Complexity Inherent to Evaluation and Management

Jonathan RubensteinMark PainterCeleste Kirschner

For this issue, we reviewed the Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS) level 2 code G2211. Though the code has existed for a few years, Medicare began reimbursing physicians for reporting the code in January 2024. The code is used to describe the complexity of an evaluation and management (E&M) visit associated with an ongoing, longitudinal care relationship, focusing on a circumstance rather than a specific service. The circumstance described in this code differs from the prolonged services described by Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes 99358 through 99418; the case management services described by CPT codes 99366 through 99368; and the chronic care management services described by CPT codes 99490, 99491, and 99437 through 99489:

Benign prostatic hyperplasiaEvaluation and management servicesCurrent Procedural Terminology codes

Mark SchwartzView Articles
Mark ZaontzView Articles
Markus HohenfellnerView Articles

Volume 13, Number 1Review Articles

Infantile Enuresis: Current State-of-the-Art Therapy and Future Trends

Disease State Review

Franklin E KuehhasNenad DjakovicMarkus Hohenfellner

"Enuresis nocturna is a widespread problem among children, with up to 25% of all children possibly suffering from this condition. Several therapeutic modalities are currently available. This article reviews current state-of-the-art therapies, highlights current literature, and provides an update on recent developments within the field of enuresis nocturna. [Rev Urol. 2011;13(1):1-5 doi: 10.3909/riu0498]"

DesmopressinEnuresis nocturnaAlarm therapyImipramineReboxetineGiggle incontinenceMethylphenidatePelvic floor muscle exercise