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Cancer survivorshipView Articles

Volume 18, Number 2Review Articles

Challenges and Opportunities in Radiation-induced Hemorrhagic Cystitis

Therapeutic Strategy Update

Michael B ChancellorBernadette MM ZwaansHeinz G NicolaiLaura E Lamb

As diagnosis and treatment of cancer is improving, medical and social issues related to cancer survivorship are becoming more prevalent. Hemorrhagic cystitis (HC), a rare but serious disease that may affect patients after pelvic radiation or systemic chemotherapy, has significant unmet medical needs. Although no definitive treatment is currently available, various interventions are employed for HC. Effects of nonsurgical treatments for HC are of modest success and studies aiming to control radiation-induced bladder symptoms are lacking. In this review, we present current and advanced therapeutic strategies for HC to help cancer survivors deal with long-term urologic health issues. [Rev Urol. 2016;18(2):57-65 doi: 10.3909/riu0700] © 2016 MedReviews®, LLC

Hemorrhagic cystitisRadiation-induced cystitisHematuriaCancer survivorship

Cancer treatmentView Articles
Cancer, bladderView Articles
Cancer, prostateView Articles
Cancer, renalView Articles
Cancer, renal cellView Articles
Cancer, stagingView Articles
Candida albicansView Articles

Volume 16, Number 2Case Review

Solitary Candida albicans Infection Causing Fournier Gangrene and Review of Fungal Etiologies

Tiffany A PerkinsJared M BieniekJoel M Sumfest

Polymicrobial bacterial infections are commonly found in cases of Fournier gangrene (FG), although fungal growth may occur occasionally. Solitary fungal organisms causing FG have rarely been reported. The authors describe a case of an elderly man with a history of diabetes who presented with a necrotizing scrotal and perineal soft tissue infection. He underwent emergent surgical debridement with findings of diffuse urethral stricture disease and urinary extravasation requiring suprapubic tube placement. Candida albicans was found to be the single causative organism on culture, and the patient recovered well following antifungal treatment. Fungal infections should be considered as rare causes of necrotizing fasciitis and antifungal treatment considered in at-risk immunodeficient individuals. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(2):95-98 doi: 10.3909/riu0595] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Fournier gangreneFournier’s Gangrene Severity IndexCandida albicans

CaP CUREView Articles
Capromab pendetideView Articles

Volume 8, Supplement 1Review Articles

The Emergence of Radioimmunoscintigraphy for Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer Imaging

David G McLeodThomas E KeaneInger L RosnerM Scott Wingo

The ability to label tissue-specific antibodies has long been of interest for improving detection and guidance for therapeutic applications. The most studied target for prostate cancer is the prostate-specific membrane antigen, which is upregulated in prostate cancer, hormone-refractive disease, and prostate cancer metastases. Investigations using radioimmunoscintigraphy with the radiolabeled 7E11 antibody capromab pendetide have significantly improved sensitivity for prostate cancer detection compared with standard cross-sectional imaging, based on tissue confirmation of pathologic results. Over the past 5 years, significantly greater image resolution from improved camera technology and the use of co-registration to fuse functional and anatomic (computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) images have dramatically enhanced prostate cancer localization. Outcomes data from several sources have spurred a resurgence in interest in this imaging modality. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(suppl 1):S20-S28]

Prostate cancerProstaScintProstate-specific membrane antigenRadioimmunoscintigraphyCapromab pendetideImage co-registrationLymph node metastasis

CapsaicinView Articles
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitorsView Articles
CarcinogenesisView Articles
Carcinoid tumorView Articles
CarcinomaView Articles
Carcinoma in situView Articles
Carcinoma, renalView Articles
Carcinoma, renal cellView Articles
Carcinoma, transitional cellView Articles
Carcinoma, transitionalcellView Articles
Carcinoma,transitional cellView Articles
Cardiovascular diseaseView Articles
Case reportView Articles
CastrationView Articles
CatheterizationView Articles
Cavernosal hypoxiaView Articles

Volume 12, Number 1Case Review

Diagnostic and Therapeutic Options for the Management of Ischemic and Nonischemic Priapism

Case Review

Jacob RajferJeffrey Bassett

Priapism is defined as persistent penile erection continuing beyond, or unrelated to, sexual stimulation. Proper diagnosis encompasses at least 2 very different pathophysiologic processes. Ischemic priapism (“low flow”) is a disorder of venous outflow and/or stasis. Nonischemic priapism (“high flow”) is a disorder of arterial flow. We present 2 cases that review each condition. The first case highlights a 32-year-old man with a medical history of sickle cell disease who presented to the emergency department complaining of a persistent, painful erection that had continued for 18 hours. The second case describes a 24-year-old man with no significant medical history who sustained trauma to his pelvis while skateboarding. Although the initial evaluation of both types of priapism is similar, pathophysiology and resulting interventions differ for each, underscoring the importance of proper diagnosis.[Rev Urol. 2010;12(1):56-63 doi: 10.3909/riu0457]

Erectile dysfunctionIschemic priapismNonischemic priapismIntracorporeal pressureCavernosal hypoxiaPhosphodiesterase type 5Distal shunts

CavernosographyView Articles
Cavernous nerve graftingView Articles
Cell salvageView Articles

Volume 19, Number 2Review Articles

The Use of Intraoperative Cell Salvage in Urologic Oncology

Surgical Update

Andres F CorreaMatthew C FerroniTimothy D LyonBenjamin J DaviesMichael C Ost

Intraoperative cell salvage (IOCS) has been used in urologic surgery for over 20 years to manage intraoperative blood loss and effectively minimize the need for allogenic blood transfusion. Concerns about viability of transfused erythrocytes and potential dissemination of malignant cells have been addressed in the urologic literature. We present a comprehensive review of the use of IOCS in urologic oncologic surgery. IOCS has been shown to preserve the integrity of erythrocytes during processing and effectively provides cell filtration to mitigate the risk of tumor dissemination. Its use is associated with reduction in the overall need for allogenic blood transfusion, which clinically reduces the risk of hypersensitivity reactions and disease transmission, and may have important implications on overall oncologic outcomes. In the context of a variety of urologic malignancies, including prostate, urothelial, and renal cancer, the use of IOCS appears to be safe, without risk of tumor spread leading to metastatic disease or differences in cancer-specific and overall survival. IOCS has been shown to be an effective intraoperative blood management strategy that appears safe for use in urologic oncology surgery. The ability to reduce the need for additional allogenic blood transfusion may have significant impact on immune-mediated oncologic outcomes. [Rev Urol. 2017;19(2):89–96 doi: 10.3909/riu0721] © 2017 MedReviews®, LLC

Urologic oncologyCell salvagetransfusion

cell wall-derived therapiesView Articles

Volume 21, Number 1Review Articles

Immunotherapy in Urological Tumors

Treatment Review

Nikhil VasdevAnand SharmaNarin SuleymanOliver Jones

The past decade has seen significant improvement in our understanding of tumor biological features, which has led to use of anti-programmed-death 1 (PD-1) and anti-PD ligand-1 (PD-L1) agents and cytotoxic T lymphocytes antigen 4 (CTLA-4) inhibitors in a multitude of cancers. These immunotherapeutic agents have shown activity in melanoma, lung, head and neck, colorectal, urological, and other cancers. This article details the use of immunotherapy agents in urothelial, renal, prostate, and testicular tumors. [Rev Urol. 2019;21(1):15–20] © 2019 MedReviews®, LLC

ImmunotherapyCytokinesurological tumorsimmune checkpoint inhibitorsrecombinant BCGcell wall-derived therapies