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Directory of Authors from the Journal and their last article.

Peter L RoyceView Articles

Volume 13, Number 3Review Articles

Lower Urinary Tract Injuries Following Blunt Trauma: A Review of Contemporary Management

Management Review

Peter L RoyceMatthew F BultitudeJennifer KongRussell GruenAlex CatoNiall Corcoran

Lower urinary tract trauma, although relatively uncommon in blunt trauma, can lead to significant morbidity when diagnosed late or left untreated; urologists may only encounter a handful of these injuries in their career. This article reviews the literature and reports on the management of these injuries, highlighting the issues facing clinicians in this subspecialty. Also presented is a structured review detailing the mechanisms, classification, diagnosis, management, and complications of blunt trauma to the bladder and urethra. The prognosis for bladder rupture is excellent when treated. Significant intraperitoneal rupture or involvement of the bladder neck mandates surgical repair, whereas smaller extraperitoneal lacerations may be managed with catheterization alone. With the push for management of trauma patients in larger centers, urologists in these hospitals are seeing increasing numbers of lower urinary tract injuries. Prospective analysis may be achieved in these centers to address the current lack of Level 1 evidence.[Rev Urol. 2011;13(3):119-130 doi: 10.3909/riu0521] © 2011 MedReviews®, LLC

UrethraMultiple traumaRuptureUrinary bladderWounds

Peter M SadowView Articles

Volume 16, Number 2Case Review

Immunoglobulin G4–related Retroperitoneal Fibrosis of the Pelvis

Anthony DyerPeter M SadowErika BracamonteMatthew Gretzer

Retroperitoneal fibrosis (RPF) is a rare disease characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with fibrosis and/or inflammation. In this case, a 68-year-old man presented with RPF in the pelvis, a rare location for this disease. Biopsies were performed, which showed elevated levels of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and, most importantly, immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4). It has been postulated that IgG4-related sclerosing disease is a systemic disease. Treatment has been successful with systemic corticosteroids. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(2):92-94 doi: 10.3909/riu0594] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Retroperitoneal fibrosisSerum immunoglobulin G4

Peter R CarrollView Articles

Volume 8, Supplement 1Review Articles

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy of Prostate Cancer

Prostate Cancer Imaging

Peter R CarrollFergus V CoakelyJohn Kurhanewicz

Magnetic resonance imaging may improve the staging of prostate cancer compared with clinical evaluation alone, computerized tomography, or transrectal ultrasound, and it allows simultaneous and detailed evaluation of prostatic, periprostatic, and pelvic anatomy. Endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (endoMRI/MRSI) allow better visualization of the zonal anatomy of the prostate and better delineation of tumor location, volume, and extent (stage). Metabolic criteria used to identify and localize prostate cancer with endoMRI/MRSI have been standardized, thus improving the accuracy of the examination and limiting interobserver variations in interpretation. Evidence is now emerging that endoMRI/MRSI may also be helpful in assessing response to prostate cancer treatment, most commonly with radiation and/or androgen-deprivation therapy. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(suppl 1):S4-S10]

Prostate cancerMagnetic resonance imagingMagnetic resonance spectroscopyEndorectal MRI

Peter S AlbertView Articles
Peter SchulamView Articles
Peter T ScardinoView Articles

Volume 11, Number 3Review Articles

Predictive Models for Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer Patients

Management Update

Peter T ScardinoWilliam T Lowrance

[Rev Urol.2009;11(3):117-126 doi: 10.3909/riu0456]2009 MedReviews®, LLC©Accurate risk assessment is of paramount importance to newly diagnosedprostate cancer patients and their physicians. Risk prediction models helpidentify those at high (or low) risk of disease progression and guide discussionsabout prognosis and treatment. Widely used, well-validated predictiontools are based on standard, readily available clinical and pathologic parameters,but do not include biomarkers, some of which may have an importantrole in predicting prognosis or determining therapeutic options. A newapproach, known as systems pathology, may improve the accuracy of traditionalprediction methods and provide patients with a more personalized riskassessment of clinically relevant outcomes. The ultimate goal of predictionmodels is to improve medical decision making.

Prostate cancerPrognosisStatistical modelNomogram

Peter WeiblView Articles

Volume 13, Number 3Review Articles

Peyronie’s Disease: Nonsurgical Therapy Options

Treatment Update

Franklin E KuehhasNenad DjakovicPeter WeiblTosev GeorgiRalf Herwig

Peyronie’s disease (PD) is a fibrous inelastic scar of the tunica albuginea, leading to penile deformity, penile curvature, shortening, narrowing, and painful erections that subsequently lead to painful or unsatisfying sexual intercourse. No consensus exists yet on the ideal management of PD. This fact is a result of our limited knowledge of its etiology and causative factors. The acute presentation of PD is treated conservatively, and surgical approachesare only attempted if severe curvature, narrowing, or indentation persists for more than 1 year; PD stability exists for at least 3 months; curvature impedes sexual intercourse; and severe penile shortening occurs. This review focuses on new developments for conservative treatment strategies for PD. [Rev Urol. 2011;13(3):139-146 doi: 10.3909/riu0528] © 2011 MedReviews®, LLC

Peyronie’s diseaseNonsurgical therapyOral medicationIntralesionaltherapyExtracorporeal shock wave therapyIontophoresisPenile traction systems

Philip C BoschView Articles

Volume 16, Number 2Review Articles

Treating Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome as a Chronic Disease

Management Review

Philip C BoschDavid C Bosch

The management of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is both frustrating and difficult. The etiology is uncertain and there is no definitive treatment. Consequently, both patients and doctors tend to be unhappy and unsatisfied with the quality of care. The American Urological Association (AUA) provides a guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of IC/BPS. Recommended first-line treatments include patient education, self-care practices, behavior modifications, and stress management. Management of IC/BPS may be also improved if both patients and doctors treat this condition as a chronic disease. This article reviews the AUA first-line treatments for IC/BPS and considers the benefits of treating this condition as a chronic disease. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(2):83-87 doi: 10.3909/riu0603] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Bladder pain syndromeInterstitial cystitisChronic diseaseAutoimmune diseases

Philip KantoffView Articles

Volume 8, Supplement 2Review Articles

Prevention, Complementary Therapies, and New Scientific Developments in the Field of Prostate Cancer

16th International Prostate Cancer Update

Philip Kantoff

Prostate cancer prevention and therapies were reviewed in a recent update. Finasteride, a 5 reductase inhibitor, shows promise as a preventative; however, it may increase the incidence of high-grade cancer. There are ongoing studies regarding the positive effects of antioxidant therapy (vitamin E, selenium, and lycopene) on the prevention of prostate cancer; initial results are promising. Lipid-lowering drugs are associated with a statistically significant reduction in prostate cancer incidence, a 46% reduction in risk of high-grade or high-stage prostate cancer, and a 66% reduction in mortality from prostate cancer. Overexpression of transcription factors is caused by translocation of the promoter of the TMPRSS2 gene, which may be a primary event in prostate cancer. Immunomic profiling with use of autoantibodies directed against prostate-specific antigens may be used to identify cases of prostate cancer. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(suppl 2):S9-S14]

Prostate cancer5a reductase inhibitorsProstate-specific antigens

Philip M ArlenView Articles
Philip M HannoView Articles
Philip T ZhaoView Articles
Philip W JordanView Articles

Volume 20, Number 2Review Articles

Infertility in Patients With Klinefelter Syndrome: Optimal Timing for Sperm and Testicular Tissue Cryopreservation

Management Update

Dorota J HawksworthApril A SzafranPhilip W JordanAdrian S DobsAmin S Herati

Male factor infertility is a complex issue presenting many diagnostic and management challenges. It is responsible for about 50% of all causes of infertility and thus carries significant medical, financial, and psychological implications for the couples struggling with conception. Klinefelter syndrome is the most common chromosomal male anomaly associated with male infertility. This review focuses specifically on non-obstructive azoospermia secondary to Klinefelter syndrome and discusses controversies surrounding fertility management in patients with this genetic disorder. [Rev Urol. 2018;20(2):56–62 doi: 10.3909/riu0790] © 2018 MedReviews®, LLC

Klinefelter syndromeNon-obstructive azoospermiaSperm retrieval

Philip ZhaoView Articles
Phillip G FebboView Articles

Volume 16, Number 4Review Articles

A Guide for Clinicians in the Evaluation of Emerging Molecular Diagnostics for Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer

Diagnosis Update

Michael J KemeterPhillip G FebboSteven E CanfieldAdam S KibelH Jeffrey LawrenceJudd W Moul

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is associated with a decline in prostate cancerrelated mortality. However, screening has also led to overdiagnosis and overtreatment of clinically insignificant tumors. Recently, certain national guidelines (eg, US Preventive Services Task Force) have recommended against PSA screening, which may lead to a reverse-stage migration. Although many prostate tumors are indolent at presentation, others are aggressive and are appropriate targets for treatment interventions. Utilization of molecular markers may improve our ability to measure tumor biology and allow better discrimination of indolent and aggressive tumors at diagnosis. Many emerging commercial molecular diagnostic assays have been designed to provide more accurate risk stratification for newly diagnosed prostate cancer. Unfamiliarity with molecular diagnostics may make it challenging for some clinicians to navigate and interpret the medical literature to ascertain whether particular assays are appropriately developed and validated for clinical use. Herein, the authors provide a framework for practitioners to use when assessing new tissue-based molecular assays. This review outlines aspects of assay development, clinical and analytic validation and clinical utility studies, and regulatory issues, which collectively determine whether tests (1) are actionable for specific clinical indications, (2) measurably influence treatment decisions, and (3) are sufficiently validated to warrant incorporation into clinical practice. [Rev Urol. 2014;16(4):172-180 doi: 10.3909/riu0644] © 2014 MedReviews®, LLC

Prostate cancerBiomarkerClinical utilityGenomic prostate scoreAdverse pathologyClinical validationMolecular diagnostics

Phillip M PierorazioView Articles

Volume 14, Number 1Review Articles

Active Surveillance for Small Renal Masses

Management Update

Phillip M PierorazioJeffrey K MullinsMohamad E AllafElias S Hyams

Small renal masses (SRMs; # 4 cm in dimension) have rapidly risen in incidence in recent decades and pose an increasingly common management dilemma in urology. SRMs are biologically heterogeneous and a wide variety of treatments exist with favorable oncologic outcomes. Active surveillance (AS) has emerged as a viable option for those not desiring surgery or those who are suboptimal candidates for surgery, with < 2% of patients progressing to metastatic disease in retrospective and prospective studies. This article reviews the current data regarding AS for SRM, operational considerations for an AS program, and criteria for safely selecting patients for this treatment strategy. [ Rev Urol. 2012;14(1/2):13-19 doi: 10.3909/riu0545] © 2012 MedReviews®, LLC

Renal cell carcinomaSmall renal massActive surveillance

Pierre C MozerView Articles

Volume 11, Number 1Review Articles

Robotic Image-Guided Needle Interventions of the Prostate

Technology Update

Alan W PartinPierre C MozerDan Stoianovici

Prostate biopsy and needle-directed prostate therapies are currently performed free-handed or with needle external templates under ultrasound guidance. Direct image-guided intervention robots are modern instruments that have the potential to substantially enhance these procedures. These may increase the accuracy and repeatability with which needles are placed in the gland. The authors’ group has developed a robot for precise prostate targeting that operates remotely alongside the patient in the magnetic resonance imaging scanner, as guided according to the image.[Rev Urol. 2009;11(1):7-15]

ProstateRobotDirect image-guided intervention (DIGI)MRI compatible

Pierre I KarakiewizcView Articles

Volume 10, Number 2Review Articles

Critical Evaluation of Urinary Markers for Bladder Cancer Detection and Monitoring

Diagnostic Update

Shahrokh F ShariatPierre I KarakiewizcJose A KaramYair Lotan

Bladder cancer is currently diagnosed using cystoscopy and cytology in patients with suspicious signs and symptoms. These tests are also used to monitor patients with a history of bladder cancer. The recurrence rate for bladder cancer is high, thus necessitating long-term follow-up. Urine cytology has high specificity but low sensitivity for low-grade bladder tumors. Recently, multiple noninvasive urine-based bladder cancer tests have been developed. Although several markers have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for bladder cancer surveillance, only a few are approved for detection of bladder cancer in high-risk patients. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(2):120-135]

Bladder cancerTumor markersCystoscopyUrine cytology

Piruz MotamediniaView Articles

Volume 18, Number 1Review Articles

Nephrolithometric Scoring Systems to Predict Outcomes of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Management Update

Simone L VernezZhamshid OkhunovPiruz MotamediniaVincent BirdZeph OkekeArthur Smith

Currently, there is no single agreement upon an ideal predictive model that characterizes the complexity of renal stones and predicts surgical outcomes following percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). New predictive tools have recently emerged to systematically and quantitatively assess kidney stone complexity to predict outcomes following PCNL: the Guy’s Stone Score, the CROES nomogram, S.T.O.N.E. nephrolithometry, and S-ReSC score. An ideal scoring system should include variables that both influence surgical planning and are predictive of postoperative outcomes. This review discusses the strengths, weaknesses, and commonalities of each of the above scoring systems. Additionally, we propose future directions for the development and analysis of surgical treatment for stone disease, namely, the importance of assessing radiation exposure and patient quality of life when counseling patients on treatment options. [Rev Urol. 2016;18(1):15-27 doi: 10.3909/riu0693] © 2016 MedReviews®, LLC

Percutaneous nephrolithotomyUrolithiasisScoring systemNomograms

Pradeep TyagiView Articles

Volume 12, Number 4Review Articles

State of the Art in Intravesical Therapy for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms

State of the Art

Michael B ChancellorJonathan KaufmanVikas TyagiMichele AnthonyPradeep Tyagi

Intravesical therapy is the routine first-line treatment for effectively delaying or preventing the recurrence of bladder cancer. This route of drug administration has also shown tremendous promise in the treatment of interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) and potentially overactive bladder to justify investments for further improvements. This review takes a bird’s eye view into the current status of intravesical therapy, with emphasis on liposomal nanoparticles, in diseases associated with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Ongoing efforts to advance the field of intravesical drug delivery include development of sustained-release drug implants and efforts to improve delivery of biotechnological products including large protein acting as neurotoxins and small interfering RNAs.[Rev Urol. 2010;12(4):e181-e189 doi: 10.3909/riu0496]© 2010 MedReviews®, LLC

Lower urinary tract symptomsInterstitial cystitisIntravesical therapyPainful bladder syndrome