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PostvoidView Articles
Postvoid residual urine volumeView Articles
PotassiumView Articles
Potassium citrateView Articles

Volume 11, Number 3Review Articles

Hypocitraturia: Pathophysiology and Medical Management

Management Review

Dean G AssimosJack M Zuckerman

Low urinary citrate excretion is a known risk factor for the development ofkidney stones. Citrate inhibits stone formation by complexing with calciumin the urine, inhibiting spontaneous nucleation, and preventing growth andagglomeration of crystals. Hypocitraturia is a common metabolic abnormalityfound in 20% to 60% of stone formers. It is most commonly idiopathic inorigin but may be caused by distal renal tubular acidosis, hypokalemia, boweldysfunction, and a high-protein, low-alkali diet. Genetic factors, medications,and other comorbid disorders also play a role. Hypocitraturia should be managedthrough a combination of dietary modifications, oral alkali, and possiblylemonade or other citrus juice–based therapy. This review concerns thepathophysiology of hypocitraturia and the management of stone formersafflicted with this abnormality.[Rev Urol. 2009;11(3):134-144 doi:10.3909/riu0424]© 2009 MedReviews®, LLC

HypocitraturiaCitrate metabolismCitrate pathophysiologyHypocitraturia etiologiesMedical management of stone diseaseAlkali citratePotassium citrateCitrus juiceLemonade

Potassium sensitivity testView Articles
Potassium-titanyl-phosphate laserView Articles

Volume 8, Supplement 3Review Articles

Safety and Efficacy of the Potassium-Titanyl-Phosphate Laser and Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia

Photoselective Vaporization of the Prostate

Claus G Roehrborn

The currently commercially available 80-W potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser used for photoselective vaporization of the prostate in men with lower urinary tract symptoms and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a safe and effective therapeutic alternative for a wide spectrum of prostate sizes and configurations. Efficacy data from multicenter prospective studies, comparative studies against other interventions, and single-center long-term outcomes suggest the efficacy to be at least equivalent to that of transurethral resection of the prostate, with a very good safety profile. New technological developments promise to further enhance the utility of this laser for application in BPH and urology. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(suppl 3):S16-S23]

Benign prostatic hyperplasiaLower urinary tract symptomsPotassium-titanyl-phosphate laserLaser prostatec-tomyPhotoselective vaporization of the prostate

PotencyView Articles
PPOView Articles

Volume 8, Number 2Review Articles

The Business of Urology - Your First Job

Special Feature

Paul Brower

Young doctors nearing the end of their residency must begin to consider how to chart the course of their careers. Most residents will go into private practice. This requires a huge leap, from academia into the business world of medicine. Young doctors, long preoccupied with the clinical and academic aspects of medicine, are frequently ill-prepared for this process, having no insight as to what they can do to match themselves to the right practice or multi-specialty group. This article discusses the stages of this process, from initial geographic decisions to securing interviews, to assessing the health of a given practice, to the details of contract negotiation. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(2):71-75]

CompensationResidentsEmploymentPrivate practiceMedicarePPOHMOContract negotiation

practice guidelinesView Articles

Volume 23, Number 1Prostate Cancer

Specialty Networks Unveils Revised Advanced Prostate Cancer Clinical Guidelines

David MorrisBenjamin H. Lowentritt

In an ongoing effort to support independent urology practices’ work to provide first-class cancer care, Specialty Networks recently unveiled new, expanded clinical guidelines for advanced prostate cancer (PCa) treatment. (See the guidelines, packaged with this issue of Reviews in Urology.)

Prostatic neoplasmsNeoplasmpractice guidelinesclinical decision-making

Practicemanagement information systemsView Articles
Prediction toolsView Articles
Predictive modelingView Articles

Volume 8, Supplement 2Review Articles

Monitoring Response, Prediction Methodology, Staging, and Imaging in Prostate Cancer

16th International Prostate Cancer Update

David PomerantzNicholas Vogelzang

The predictive values of various tests and examinations are assessed as they relate to prostate cancer progression and treatment. The usefulness of post-treatment biopsy specimens is greatest 2 years after radiation therapy completion. Gleason grading is not reliable in the setting of hormonal ablation therapy. For patients with extracapsular extension, the survival curves separate depending on whether positive or negative surgical margins are obtained. Prostate-specific antigen doubling time is increasingly used as an indicator of disease recurrence after local therapy and prostate cancer–specific survival. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(suppl 2):S30-S34]

Prostate cancerImmunotherapyProstate-specific antigenPredictive modelingProstate-specific antigen doubling time

Predictors of treatment failureView Articles
PrednisoneView Articles
PregnancyView Articles
Premature ejaculationView Articles
Prenatal hydronephrosisView Articles
Prepubertal testis biopsyView Articles
Pressureflow studyView Articles
PrevalenceView Articles
PreventionView Articles
PriapismView Articles

Volume 19, Number 4Case Review

Cycling Trauma as a Cause of Arterial Priapism in Children and Teenagers

Aldo Franco De RoseIrene ParaboschiGuglielmo ManticaAlexander SzpytkoHilgard AckermannGiovanni De CaroCarlo TerroneGirolamo Mattioli

Bicycle riding has multiple beneficial cardiovascular effects; however, it is a well-documented source of significant urologic injuries. Priapism is a rare condition in children, and occurs primarily because of congenital hematologic diseases or adverse drug reactions. A pediatric clinical case and literature review of a high-flow priapism secondary to cycling trauma is described here to highlight their etiopathologic correlation. Bicycle riding trauma is a rare but possible cause of high-flow priapism in children, and a high index of suspicion should ensure appropriate management. [Rev Urol. 2017;19(4):273–277 doi: 10.3909/riu0768] © 2018 MedReviews®, LLC

PediatricTraumaPriapismCycling

Primary bladder neck obstructionView Articles
Primary care clinicianView Articles
Primary care cliniciansView Articles
Private practiceView Articles

Volume 23, Number 3Business of Urology

The Business of Independent Urologic Medicine: Caring for Patients While Operating a Business in a Post–COVID-19 Era of Private Practice

Nathan P. DillerMara Holton

Primum non nocere—“First, do no harm.” Independent medicine is challenged not only to achieve outcomes that patients value but also not to intentionally harm their business in the process. The COVID-19 pandemic and postpandemic regulatory environment have added new limitations on and restrictions to independent practices’ ability to innovate, grow, and provide stable access to meet their communities’ urologic needs. In the face of these challenges, independent medicine is at its strongest when it continues to press toward meeting its social contract with its community. Conversely, but just as importantly, society needs to be mindful of its social contract with the health care workforce.

UrologyPrivate practiceCOVID-19

Pro-inflammatory cytokineView Articles
Procedural and surgical site infectionView Articles

Volume 11, Number 4Review Articles

Skin Preparation for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection: Which Agent Is Best?

Treatment Review

Herbert LeporMicah L Hemani

Procedural and surgical site infections create difficult and complex clinical scenarios. A source for pathogens is often thought to be the skin surface, making skin preparation at the time of the procedure critical. The most common skin preparation agents used today include products containing iodophors or chlorhexidine gluconate. Agents are further classified by whether they are aqueous-based or alcohol-based solutions. Traditional aqueous-based iodophors, such as povidone-iodine, are one of the few products that can be safely used on mucous membrane surfaces. Alcohol-based solutions are quick, sustained, and durable, with broader spectrum antimicrobial activity. These agents seem ideal for longer open surgeries with the potential for irrigation or surgical spillage, such as cystoprostatectomy, radical prostatectomy, and retroperitoneal lymph node dissection.[Rev Urol. 2009;11(4):190-195 doi: 10.3909/riu0467]© 2009 MedReviews®, LLC

Skin pathogensProcedural and surgical site infection

ProgesteroneView Articles
PrognosisView Articles