Volume 10, Number 3Review ArticlesUrogenital Tuberculosis: Update and Review of 8961 Cases from the World LiteratureTreatment UpdateAndré A FigueiredoAntonio M LuconThe AIDS epidemic caused unexpected worldwide levels of tuberculosis, even in developed countries where the incidence used to be low. Patients with urogenital tuberculosis in developed countries have fewer specific symptoms and lower rates of delayed diagnoses compared with patients from other countries. As a result, the disease tends to be less serious, with more patients presenting without significant lesions of the upper urinary tract on diagnosis. These data point to a correlation of the timing of diagnosis with the severity of urogenital tuberculosis. A systematic search for urogenital tuberculosis, regardless of symptoms, is warranted for early detection. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(3):207-217]CystitisNephrectomyMale genital tuberculosisTuberculosis, urogenitalTuberculosis, renalUrinary bladder, surgery
Volume 11, Number 2Review ArticlesSpinal Dysraphism: A Neurosurgical Review for the UrologistManagement ReviewJosé Murillo B NettoAndré N BastosLuis M PérezAndré A FigueiredoSpinal neural tube defects are congenital malformations of the spine and spinal cord (eg, myelomeningocele) and are frequently seen in pediatric urology practice. These neurologic problems have many consequences in a child’s life and affect different parts of the body, such as the brain, spinal cord, limbs, bladder, and bowels. Because of the complexity and neurologic aspects of spinal dysraphism, many related terms and aspects of the disease are unfamiliar to the urologist. This review addresses some of the most commonly used neurosurgical terms and concepts related to spinal dysraphism.[Rev Urol. 2009;11(2):71-81]Spina bifidaSpinal dysraphismMyelomeningocele