Review ArticlesPenile Rehabilitation Postprostatectomy: Is There a Role for MUSE?Expert CommentaryAndrew R McCulloughHerbert Lepor[Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):1-5]
Review ArticlesMaximizing the Treatment of Overactive Bladder in the ElderlyTreatment UpdateScott MacDiarmidOveractive bladder syndrome affects millions of elderly people in the United States and is equally prevalent in men and women. Its impact on quality of life can be devastating, especially to elderly patients with other medical comorbidities. In order to maximize care, health care providers must be able to make the correct diagnosis and have a working knowledge of available therapies. Data exist supporting the efficacy and safety of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapies. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):6-13]IncontinenceOveractive bladder syndromeAntimuscarinic agentsBehavioral therapyElderly
Review ArticlesCurrent Medical Therapies for Men With Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Achievements and LimitationsTreatment UpdateClaus G RoehrbornOver the last 20 years, our understanding of the pathophysiology and symptomatology of men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) has become increasingly more sophisticated. With this increase in sophistication, our utilization of various medical therapies, either alone or in combination, has also increased the understanding of the roles of individual medications, combinations of medications, and the benefits of different types of intervention. The rapid decline of the use of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) and other surgical procedures for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the 1990s is due in part to the introduction of medical therapy. This article reviews the current state of medical therapy for men with LUTS and highlights its promises and its current limitations. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):14-25]Benign prostatic hyperplasiaMedical therapy5-Alpha-reductase inhibitorsLower urinary tract symptomsAlpha-adrenergic receptor blockers
Review ArticlesImpact of Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitors on Endothelial FunctionTreatment UpdatePatrick E TelokenJohn P MulhallIt is now known that endothelial health is essential for normal erectile function, and changes in endothelial integrity or function may lead to erectile dysfunction (ED). Because phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE-5) inhibitors have been shown to improve endothelial function, many investigators have questioned whether PDE-5 inhibition will lead to improvement in erectile function. Data from the studies reviewed in this article show that therapy with PDE-5 inhibitors results in improvement in flow-mediated dilation, nocturnal penile tumescence and rigidity, and carotid artery intima-media thickness as well as higher scores on the Sexual Health Inventory for Men, International Index of Erectile Function, Erection Function Domain, and other instruments. Further research is needed to determine whether long-term PDE-5 inhibition can reverse ED and whether use of these agents will decrease cardiovascular morbidity in high-risk populations. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):26-30]Erectile dysfunctionTadalafilSildenafilEndothelial functionPhosphodiesterase type 5inhibitors
Review ArticlesSuperficial Bladder Cancer: An Update on Etiology, Molecular Development, Classification, and Natural HistoryTreatment UpdateJohn P SteinErik PasinAnirban P MitraDavid Y JosephsonRichard J CoteSuperficial “non–muscle-invasive” bladder tumors represent a heterogeneous group of cancers, including those that are (1) papillary in nature and limited to the mucosa, (2) high grade and flat and confined to the epithelium, and (3) invasive into the submucosa, or lamina propria. The goal of treatment is 2-fold: (1) to reduce tumor recurrence and the subsequent need for additional therapies and the morbidity associated with these treatments and (2) to prevent tumor progression and the subsequent need for more aggressive therapy. This update reviews important contemporary concepts in the etiology, molecular mechanisms, classification, and natural history of superficial bladder cancer. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):31-43]Transitional cell carcinomaBladder neoplasmsNon–muscle-invasive tumorMolecular mechanismsGenitourinary tumors
Review ArticlesClinical Utility of Prostate Carcinoma Molecular Diagnostic TestsDiagnostic UpdateScott B ShappellInstead of relying on serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) to identify patients for prostate biopsy, new laboratory tests are needed that have improved specificity for prostate carcinoma (CaP), allow accurate classification of clinically insignificant CaPs, allow for detection of clinically significant CaP in patients without elevated serum PSA, and allow for identification of aggressive forms of CaP, which may warrant adjunctive or even molecularly targeted therapy in the future. Over the last several years, highthroughput gene expression profiling and proteinomics have led to the identification of genes and proteins that are specifically overexpressed in CaP. Molecular diagnostic techniques readily translated to the clinical laboratory have been incorporated into the development of new tests based on these novel molecular alterations in CaP. Some of these tests already have well-documented clinical utility, such as in facilitating prostate biopsy decisions, and are routinely available. The current review focuses on the biological, clinical, and laboratory aspects of the most promising of these current and nearfuture molecular CaP tests. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):44-69]Molecular diagnosticsProstate carcinomaProstate cancer antigen 3Alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemaseEarly prostate cancer antigenTransmembrane protease,serine 2ERGDNARNA
Meeting ReviewsNeurourology, Diet, and Painful BladderMeeting ReviewYao-Chi ChuangHann-Chorng KuoMichael B ChancellorHighlights of the 37th Annual Conference of the International Continence Society, August 20-24, 2007, Rotterdam, Netherlands [Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):70-72]Overactive bladderInterstitial cystitisDietComorbiditiesPainful bladder syndromeSensory nerve testing
Meeting ReviewsNew Insights in Pediatric UrologyMeeting ReviewEllen ShapiroHighlights of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Urology Meeting, October 27-30, 2007, San Francisco, CA [Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):73-75]Prenatal hydronephrosisVesicoureteral refluxVoiding dysfunctionHydrocele/hernia
Case ReviewUse of a Vacuum-Assisted Device for Fournier’s Gangrene: A New ParadigmCase ReviewJ Kellogg ParsonsJonathan SilbersteinJulia GrabowskiFournier’s gangrene is a necrotizing infection of the scrotum or perineum that requires aggressive surgical debridement. Radical debridement of perineal necrotizing fasciitis can leave extensive tissue defects that are difficult to close and often require multiple surgical interventions. Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) devices have been shown to assist in a more rapid closure of these wounds, but placement of such devices in the perineum can pose significant challenges. We have had success with use of VAC devices and report our techniques for their placement. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):76-80]Fournier’s gangreneVacuum-assisted closure devices