Volume 23, Number 1Literature ReviewsMethods for Prostate Cancer Risk Stratification: Serum-Based and Urine-Based Biomarkers for Biopsy ConsiderationAlex S. BartRyan D. T. Badre-HumeMeghan E. RobertsGriffen KempskieAlyssa N. GiannascaProstate cancer (PCa) is one of the most commonly occurring cancers in men globally. In 2024, it is estimated that there will be 99 010 PCa diagnoses and 35 250 PCa-related deaths in American patients. Given the high incidence and virulence of the disease, proper screening methods are crucial to reduce overdiagnosis and overtreatment of PCa. Using biomarkers with high tumor sensitivity and specificity is therefore crucial to effectively distinguish PCa from benign tissue.Prostate cancer
Volume 23, Number 1Literature ReviewsComparison of Methods for Ureteral Patency VisualizationMichelle BoytimMatthew J. JonesAlex S. BartPavel SvintozelskiyThe most common cause of ureteral trauma occurs during open, laparoscopic, or endoscopic procedures across multiple specialties. Ureteral injuries are often unrecognized or mismanaged. Early recognition of ureteral injuries by cystoscopy allows for prompt intervention. Visualization can be enhanced using agents that color or improve the contrast of ureteral flow.Cystoscopydiagnostic imagingindigo carminemethylene bluefluorescein