Authors - Reviews in Urology

Directory of Authors from the Journal and their last article.

Smoking-related Genitourinary Cancers: A Global Call to Action in Smoking Cessation

Disease Outcome Update

Roman Sosnowski Cory Higley Josh Gottileb Marc A Bjurlin

Smoking is a known modifiable risk factor in the development of genitourinary malignancies. Although the association has long been supported by numerous research studies, the impact of smoking cessation on the decreased risk of genitourinary malignancies is less well studied. PubMed databases were searched using the terms smoking, smoking cessation, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, prostate cancer, penile cancer, testicular cancer, their synonyms, and also targeted manual searches to perform a literature review in order to summarize the benefits of cessation on disease progression and patient outcomes including survival and morbidities. Our review yielded substantial evidence highlighting the improved outcomes observed in those diagnosed with bladder, renal, and prostate cancers. The risk of bladder cancer is reduced by up to 60% in those who were able to quit for 25 years and the risk of kidney malignancy was reduced by 50% in those who abstained from smoking for 30 years. A similar trend of reduced risk was observed for prostate cancer with those who quit for more than 10 years, having prostate cancer mortality risks similar to those that never smoked. Although the data were encouraging for bladder, renal, and prostate malignancies, there are comparatively limited data quantifying the benefits of smoking cessation for penile and testicular cancers, highlighting an opportunity for further study. The role of urologists and their impact on their patients’ likelihood to quit smoking shows more than half of urologists never discuss smoking cessation upon diagnosis of a malignancy. Most urologists said they did not provide cessation counseling because they do not believe it would alter their patients’ disease progression. Studies show urologists have more influence at changing their patients’ smoking behaviors than their primary care physicians. The diagnosis of cancer may lead to a teachable moment resulting in increased smoking quit rates. Furthermore, implementing a brief 5-minute clinic counseling session increases quit attempts and quit rates. Diagnosis of genitourinary cancers and the following appointments for treatment provide a unique opportunity for urologists to intervene and affect the progression and outcome of disease. [Rev Urol. 2016;18(4):194-204 doi: 10.3909/riu0729] © 2016 MedReviews®, LLC

Smoking Risk reduction Smoking cessation Genitourinary malignancy

Joshua A CohnView Articles

Volume 20, Number 1 Review Articles

Nocturia: Evaluation and Current Management Strategies

Management Update

W Stuart Reynolds Roger R Dmochowski Doug F Milam Melissa R Kaufman Sophia Delpe Joshua A Cohn Casey G Kowalik Alan J Wein

Nocturia is a complex condition that not only significantly affects quality of life, but may be an indicator of systemic disease. Initial assessment includes a detailed history and physical examination and completion of a frequency volume chart to help identify underlying causes, such as sleep disorders, bladder storage disorders, and polyuria. Treatment with alpha-blockers or antimuscarinic medications may help if the underlying cause is determined to be benign prostatic hyperplasia or overactive bladder, respectively. Treatment options for nocturnal polyuria have been limited to behavioral therapy and off-label use of timed diuretics and desmopressin. Desmopressin acetate nasal spray (Noctiva™, Avadel Pharmaceuticals, Chesterfield, MO) was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2017 for the treatment of nocturia due to nocturnal polyuria in adults who awaken at least twice nightly and has shown efficacy in reducing nocturnal voids by $50% in up to 49% of patients in clinical trials. [Rev Urol. 2018;20(1):1–6 doi: 10.3909/riu0797] © 2018 MedReviews®, LLC

Benign prostatic hyperplasia Nocturia Desmopressin Nocturnal polyuria Overactive bladder

Joshua E LoganView Articles

Volume 14, Number 3 Review Articles

Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Review and Update

Management Update

Allan J Pantuck Arie S Belldegrun Fairooz F Kabbinavar Dennis J Slamon Geoffrey A Sonn Edward N Rampersaud Joshua E Logan Karim Chamie

An in-depth understanding of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is important so that practitioners can make informed evidenced-based decisions with patients to optimize not only quantity of life but quality of life as well. Therefore, this review focuses on the biology of mRCC as it relates to targets for therapy, as well as on the small molecules rationally designed with these targets in mind. In addition, anticipated emerging therapies are highlighted, including the new tyrosine kinase inhibitors axitinib and tivozanib, as well as new immune-based therapies such as dendritic cell-based vaccines and antibodies. We also briefly review recent reports from the emerging field of predicting drug response based on molecular markers. And finally, management of metastatic non-clear cell RCC histologies are discussed focusing on available evidence to direct decision making when assessing therapeutic options. [Rev Urol. 2012;14(3/4):65-78 doi: 10.3909/riu0562] © 2013 MedReviews®, LLC

Metastatic renal cell carcinoma Tyrosine kinase inhibitors Dendritic cell-based vaccines

Joycelyn L SpeightView Articles

Volume 8, Supplement 2 Review Articles

New Techniques and Management Options for Localized Prostate Cancer

16th International Prostate Cancer Update

Joycelyn L Speight Mack Roach III

Prostate cancer is diagnosed in younger men who want treatment that does not compromise their quality of life, take time away from work, or cause worrisome side effects. Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy, and third-generation cryotherapy are modifications of previously used techniques in the treatment of prostate cancer and are presented in this article. Although some or all of the outcomes might be expected to change in the future, the urologic surgeon is left to select an approach, presumably on the basis of the experience, level of training, and care pathways at his or her institution. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(suppl 2):S22-S29]

Prostate cancer Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy Third-generation cryotherapy

Juan A ReynaView Articles

Volume 16, Number 3 LUGPA News

From the President’s Desk

Juan A Reyna

Judd W MoulView Articles

Volume 6, Supplement 8 Supplement

The Evolving Definition of Advanced Prostate Cancer

Judd W Moul

Risk stratification Prostate-specific antigen Metastasis Recurrence Advanced prostate cancer Early hormonal therapy Biochemical recurrence Hormones

Judson D RackleyView Articles

Volume 7, Number 2 Review Articles

Adjunctive Therapy to Promote Stone Passage

Judson D Rackley Geoffrey R Nuss Dean G Assimos

Shock wave lithotripsy Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Adrenergic Blockers Calcium channel blockers Progesterone COX-2 inhibitors

Julia FinkelsteinView Articles

Volume 11, Number 3 Review Articles

Screening for Prostate Cancer: A Review of the ERSPC and PLCO Trials

Management Update

Elisabeth Eckersberger Bob Djavan Markus Margreiter Helen Sadri Julia Finkelstein Samir S Taneja Herbert Lepor

The advent of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in the early 1980srevolutionized the diagnosis of prostate cancer. As a result of PSA testing,there has been a surge in the number of prostate cancer diagnoses. Thisreview examines the results of 2 recent landmark trials that studied the effectof screening on prostate cancer mortality: the European Randomized Study ofScreening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) and the US-based Prostate, Lung,Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial.[Rev Urol. 2009;11(3):127-133 doi: 10.3909/riu0474]

PSA screening European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer(ERSPC)Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial

Julia GrabowskiView Articles

Volume 10, Number 1 Case Review

Use of a Vacuum-Assisted Device for Fournier’s Gangrene: A New Paradigm

Case Review

Jonathan Silberstein J Kellogg Parsons Julia Grabowski

Fournier’s gangrene is a necrotizing infection of the scrotum or perineum that requires aggressive surgical debridement. Radical debridement of perineal necrotizing fasciitis can leave extensive tissue defects that are difficult to close and often require multiple surgical interventions. Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) devices have been shown to assist in a more rapid closure of these wounds, but placement of such devices in the perineum can pose significant challenges. We have had success with use of VAC devices and report our techniques for their placement. [Rev Urol. 2008;10(1):76-80]

Fournier’s gangrene Vacuum-assisted closure devices

Julian SpectorView Articles

Volume 20, Number 2 Case Review

Clinical Relevance of Petit’s Triangle: A Forgotten Landmark

David Penn Julian Spector Scott Halperin Barry Zisholtz

This rare case details a right-sided hydronephrotic kidney herniated through Petit’s triangle. Petit’s triangle is an anatomical landmark that is usually not clinically significant and only alluded to during multiple-choice examinations. This case describes the clinical ramification of this area of weakness and allows us to revisit and relearn the anatomy, and its relevance in clinical practice. [Rev Urol. 2018;20(2):112–114 doi: 10.3909/riu0796] © 2018 MedReviews®, LLC

Hernia Petit’s triangle Hydronephrotic kidney

Junqi QianView Articles

Volume 6, Number 4 Review Articles

High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia

Diagnostic Review

David G Bostwick Junqi Qian Lina Liu Michael K Brawer

Prostate cancer Androgen deprivation therapy Prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia Alpha-methylacyl-CoAracemase

K James KallailView Articles

Volume 22, Number 3 Case Review

From Radical to Partial Nephrectomy in the Setting of Solitary Functioning Kidney: Neoadjuvant Treatment of Renal Cell Carcinoma

A J Farha Shaker Dakhil K James Kallail Nicole G Farha David D Watson

Immunotherapy has revolutionized the treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This case evaluates the use of neoadjuvant immunotherapy for localized RCC in a patient with solitary functioning kidney. A retrospective chart review was conducted between September 2019 and January 2020 on a single patient. Before treatment, the tumor was 7 cm × 8 cm × 8.5 cm. The patient trialed nivolumab + ipilimumab then cabozantinib. The tumor shrunk to 6.3 cm × 5.5 cm and was removed via partial nephrectomy. This case demonstrates the efficacy of immunotherapy in neoadjuvant treatment of RCC. Expansion of guidelines could allow for patients with RCC to undergo partial nephrectomy. [Rev Urol. 2020;22(3):126-129] © 2020 MedReviews®, LLC

Renal cell carcinoma Immunotherapy Neoadjuvant immunotherapy Solitary kidney

Kalish R KediaView Articles

Volume 7, Supplement 9 Review Articles

Local Anesthesia During Interstitial Laser Coagulation of the Prostate

ILC in the Treatment of BPH

Kalish R Kedia

Benign prostatic hyperplasia Minimally invasive therapies Interstitial laser coagulation Local anesthesia Office-based procedures

Kalyan C LatchamsettyView Articles

Volume 8, Number 2 Review Articles

Treatment of Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma: A Review of Surgical and Adjuvant Therapy

Treatment Review

Christopher R Porter Kalyan C Latchamsetty

Upper tract urothelial carcinoma is a disease entity that has not been as extensively studied and reviewed as carcinoma of the bladder. Recent advances in technology and adjuvant therapy have changed the treatment armamentarium of oncologists and urologists. A literature review was conducted that focused on newer surgical techniques, including laparoscopy and endoscopic management of upper tract disease. Adjuvant therapy including immunotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiation is also reviewed. Nephroureterectomy with removal of a bladder cuff still remains the gold standard of treatment. However, laparoscopic nephroureterectomy is quickly becoming popular, with equivalent recurrence rates. Because of the relatively recent introduction of laparoscopy into the urologic field, long-term data with respect to recurrence rates and survival rates are not yet available. Immunotherapy has also shown promise, but with higher recurrence rates than surgery. Chemotherapy and radiation also show some improvement in recurrence rates, but there have been no randomized, prospective trials. Endoscopic management is acceptable in patients with severe medical comorbidities or solitary kidneys but requires rigorous and close follow-up. Adjuvant therapy with either chemotherapy or radiation is still debated but does offer some improvement in disease-specific survival. Randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled studies are required but are difficult to perform because of the relatively low incidence and prevalence of this disease. [Rev Urol. 2006;8(2):61-70]

Immunotherapy Chemotherapy Urothelial carcinoma Radiation

Kamal MoufidView Articles

Volume 15, Number 1 Case Review

Inguinal Bladder Hernia: Four Case Analyses

Driss Touiti Lezrek Mohamed Kamal Moufid

A study of four cases presenting as inguinal bladder hernia was performed based on a review of the clinical presentation, circumstances of diagnostics, and surgical management. The mean age of patients was 66.5 years. Presenting symptoms included lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS; three cases) and decrease in scrotal size after voiding (one case). The diagnostic circumstances were incidental finding during investigation for urethral stricture (one case), preoperative discovery on the basis of decrease in scrotal size after voiding (one case), perioperative discovery during standard herniorrhaphy (one case), and peritoneal effusion secondary to bladder injury in the early postoperative period. All patients were managed successfully by replacement of the bladder in its original position and inguinal herniorrhaphy, the Lichtenstein technique (two cases), Shouldice repair (one case), or modified Bassini repair (one case) through the same inguinal incision. For one patient, bladder injury was diagnosed at the time of inguinal herniorrhaphy and repair was promptly made. For another, bladder injury was discovered only at surgical abdominal exploration. Surgical repair led to the resolution of signs and urologic symptoms in all but one patient who needed medical therapy for residual LUTS. An awareness of this possibility on the part of general surgeons should guide preoperative evaluation and therapy appropriately. Even if the preoperative diagnosis is missed, a perioperative diagnosis is crucial to avoid bladder injury during surgery. [Rev Urol. 2013;15(1):32-36 doi: 10.3909/riu0560] © 2013 MedReviews®, LLC

Complications Bladder Inguinal hernia Cystography Herniorrhaphy

Kamlesh K YadavView Articles

Volume 19, Number 4 Review Articles

The Use of Biomarkers in Prostate Cancer Screening and Treatment

Main Content

Top Content